Computers in our World

PCs in our World In the 1950's, PCs were another race of machines and most regular individual knew nothing about them. Today, PCs and new Innovation like the web has changed the business world and even our day by day lives. How could it change the business world and our very own lives and is it generally advantageous, that is the thing that will be talked about here. How Computers changed our lives . Huge organizations currently for the most part rely upon PCs to remain serious, they spare time and exertion, however once in a while they are utilized to do complex application that are important to this business. An ever increasing number of organizations have there own Website page on the net. Some utilization the Internet just to show data about there business, others truly go hard and fast and utilize the Internet as another path for a customer to buy their products and enterprises. In any case, the Internet is getting bigger and bigger, in this manner, organizations that need to remain on top can't discard the Internet as another approach to execute with their clients.Internet!Although PCs have gotten fundamental in the business world, it additionally has become an absolute necessity for specific people in their day by day lives. With PCs today, the things you can do are probably not going to do with out it. It influences individuals in an assortment of ways. It changes the manner in which we convey, the manner in which we work together and the manner in which we spend our days.The present day universe of high innovation couldn't have come to fruition aside from the advancement of the PC. Various sorts and sizes of PCs discover utilizes all through society in the capacity and treatment of information, from mystery administrative records to banking exchanges to private family accounts. PCs have opened up another time in assembling through the methods of mechanization, and they have...

A Comprehensive Classroom Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Comprehensive Classroom Management Plan - Essay Example What's more, the psychosocial progress model would likewise be compelling ways to deal with helping understudies recognize both their inner and outer situations all the more cautiously (Jones and Jones, 2010). The technique for applying results can end up being reasonable and steady if just all the understudies are very much aware of the outcomes forced for various kinds of trouble making. What's more, I will show decency in applying results by guaranteeing that every understudy faces the outcomes of their activities without exemptions. Barring a few understudies from confronting the results forced presents a proportion of inclination. In this way, all the measures in applying results ought to be material to every understudy contingent upon their activities (Sayeski and Brown, 2014). When working with singular understudies with an end goal to address bad conduct, the initial step I should take includes moving toward the particular understudy and relating the particular rowdiness in a firm way. I ought to likewise underscore on the elevated standards of appropriate conduct. Likewise, I will weight on why it isn't right to enjoy awful practices. In the wake of explaining the bad conduct, I would then force a result. Then again, dealing with social contrasts in a homeroom setting requires a proactive methodology. As an instructor, I ought to acquaint every one of my understudies with social decent variety and assist them with acknowledging assorted variety. I intend to enable my understudies to perceive and celebrate social assorted variety. On account of learning capacity contrasts, I intend to comprehend the potential so f every understudy and concentrate on those with learning difficulties. At the point when understudies with learning difficulties get the importa nt help from the teacher, they are bound to improve (Jones and Jones, 2010). When taking care of issues in the study hall, I will depend on the standard methodology that includes recognizing the issue and assembling data about the

How to Prepare a Bat Writing Paper

How to Prepare a Bat Writing PaperOne of the easiest ways to improve your writing is to start by working on a bat writing paper. This can be especially helpful if you feel like you have a lot of trouble getting things down in writing. In this article, I will explain how to get a good bat writing paper, and what you need to focus on.A good bat writing paper should be no more than five hundred words long. You want to keep this short, so that you can get everything down in as few words as possible. By doing this, you will end up getting better at writing in general. However, there are certain rules to follow, as well.The first thing you want to do when preparing a good bat writing paper is to have a headshot of yourself. Take the photo of yourself, and start with the face. Remember to choose a face that is neutral. Another option is to use a picture of an animal. Try to stick with something that is more common.Start with a nice hat. I suggest wearing a hat that is rather fitting. The pu rpose of your hat is to serve as a hat stand.Take out pens and paper and start your writing paper from scratch. Write the introduction, and body of the paper. This can be done in one sentence, but it is much easier to work on.When you are ready to continue, you can write the introductory paragraph. This is where you write about yourself, what you do, and what you would like others to know about you. You want to make sure that the introduction is written in a very brief and easy way.Then you can write a few paragraphs about yourself. Use shorter sentences and fewer words, and try to put yourself in the middle of the page. This can be done by writing in a horizontal layout. The more horizontal space you create, the more readable your writing will be.Finally, write the conclusion of your bat writing paper. Again, keep your sentences short and simple. It is best to work on your conclusion in a quiet room, as it is one of the harder parts of writing a paper. Remember to try to keep your writing as short as possible, and you will be well on your way to having a successful bat writing paper.

Substance Abuse And Domestic Violence Essay - 1670 Words

In this paper I will be addressing the correlation that is between substance abuse and domestic violence. There are many factors that play a role in why domestic violence occurs in a home; this paper will be focusing on the factor of drug abuse in particularly. Early on in the course we learned that domestic violence does not only pertain to intimate partner violence but also to child abuse, elder abuse, and any other abuse of a person that occurs with inside the home. I will be providing research from scholarly journals that support the findings that substance abuse is related to domestic violence on all levels (intimate partner violence, child abuse, and elderly abuse). Research has proven that drugs impair ones cognitive processing which can lead to persons acting out of character and or crossing social boundaries such as physical violence. The American Public Health Association reports that â€Å"drug use induces cognitive disruption and impairs the ability to process social int eractions for the perpetrator and victim of intimate partner violence. These cognitive disruptions may lead to paranoia, impair judgment, and distort cues, increasing the likelihood of a violent interaction† (El-Bassel, Gilbert, Wu, Go, Hill, 2005). Another journal said â€Å"We know that different drugs have widely varying physiological and behavioral effects, so we can conclude that it is likely drug use will also have varying effects on domestic violence perpetration† (Stuart, Temple, Follansbee,Show MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse And Domestic Violence3742 Words   |  15 Pagesseek domestic violence services, and even more who do not seek services, are dealing with substance abuse issues as well as abuse. The reasons that domestic violence victims begin their substance abuse vary, but can include: use as a coping mechanism in order to survive the abusive situation, a way to deal with abuse of the past, coercion and by an abusive partner, chemical dependency, cultura l oppression or a new sense of freedom (Bland Edmund, 2005). Whatever the reason for substance abuseRead MoreDomestic Violence And Substance Abuse Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence and Substance Abuse I decided to pick this topic because I was a victim of domestic violence, likely due to substance abuse at one point in time. Every single day was miserable and I had nowhere to go. I didn’t even know that he was using drugs. He was a few years older than me and I was naà ¯ve about what was happening. After several months, I was finally able to have my mom help me move back to Arizona. I have moved on from that chapter in my life, but I have always been curiousRead More Case Study: Impact on Children of Substance Abuse, Domestic Violence, and Mental Illness2706 Words   |  11 PagesStudies have shown that children who grow up in families where there is substance misuse, mental illness or domestic violence are more vulnerable to significant harm (Kendall-Taylor and Mikulak 2009).Children’s vulnerability usually stems from the effects of substance misuse, domestic violence or mental illness on parenting ability. Substance misuse, domestic violence and mental illness ca n result in parent’s finding it difficult to organize their lives to meet both their personal needs and theirRead MoreWomen And Domestic Violence : India Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesWomen and Domestic Violence India Chillious Cleveland State University This paper was prepared or Social Work 622, Section 480, taught by Professor Seck Violence has been an ongoing issue, and has increased over the years. There are many different types of violence that can take place, one being domestic violence. Domestic violence is defined as a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over anotherRead MoreThe Violence And Its Effects On The Lives Of Contemporary Native Generations Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between mother and daughter, intergenerational transmission of trauma via substance abuse, domestic violence, and identity implications can potentially result in suicide. First off, substance abuse can facilitate the transmission of trauma from mother to daughter. Whether the mother drinks throughout her pregnancy, drinks in the presence of her daughter, or neglects her child due to a substance problem, the mother partakes in the passing down of trauma in a damaging way. In â€Å"IntergenerationalRead MoreForensic Psychology And Crime And Substance Abuse847 Words   |  4 Pages Forensic Psychology Forensic psychology is a solid reference to crime and substance abuse. Criminal behavior is an evil thought however substance abuse is a disease. One will certainly need a better understanding to an individual’s crime that would cause one to commit them. Did the drugs make him/her do it? Psychology, biology, and criminology fall within the evolution in forensic psychology. Race, sex, and poverty plays a pivotal role when a crime is committed within a specificRead MoreBandura s Social Learning Theory And Attachment Theory1260 Words   |  6 Pageshas similarities and distinctions regarding the mechanisms that underlie the impact of child abuse. This essay will examine these competing theories to determine which mechanisms are most strongly supported for families at high risk for child abuse and/or neglect (Begle, Dumas Hanson, 2010). Social Learning Theory Social learning theory suggests that the mechanism underlying the continuity of violence is observational learning in which children who were abused learn to repeat abusive or neglectfulRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1448 Words   |  6 PagesHow does domestic violence between parents and parental figures affect the children who witness it? This is a question often asked by Sociologists and Psychologists alike. There have been studies that prove that children who witness domestic inter-parental violence experience mental health problems, issues with gender roles, substance abuse, the committing of crimes and suicide/suicide attempts later in their lives. This paper will explore all five of these effects of domestic violence on childrenRead MoreResearch Proposal- Alcohol Abuse Leads to Domestic Violence1471 Words   |  6 PagesDetermining whether Alcohol abuse leads to Domestic Violence Abstract This study seeks to analyze and examine the effects that alcohol abuse may have on domestic violence cases. The main goal of this study is to determine whether or not alcohol or alcohol abuse really has an affect on people and if it causes domestic violence or not. This study will be helpful in many ways and instances and it will help those who are still wondering whether or not these to completely different socialRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Abusers Of Domestic Violence904 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen resolved. Some of the abuse results from being abused or it comes from social problems. Regardless of the situation abuse is never okay and should be handled accordingly. This essay will cover the characteristics of abusers of domestic violence and what roles substance abuse plays in domestic violence. One characteristic of an abuser is destroying an individual’s property and the things they care about. When an abuser feels like an individual is going to leave the abuse, the ab user will sometimes

Actual market behavior - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3059 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? An Option Pricing Model: Theory, Model Empirical Test Abstract A simple option pricing model based on correlation of underlying stock with actual market behavior as reflected by market index. The simplicity and ease of the model may appeal to the traders, operators and other market participants. Option prices produced by the proposed model are close to the actual price for all range of strike prices. The simplicity and precision of the proposed model are its main advantages over the existing models. Introduction Options belong to a class of instruments referred to as ‘Derivatives because they derive their value from an underlying commodity or financial assets. By definition, â€Å"derivative is a contract or an agreement for exchange of payments, whose value derives from the value of an underlying asset or underlying reference rates or indices†. Price of a derivative instrument is contingent on the value of its underlying asset. The underlying commodities and financial assets can range from products like wheat and cotton to precious items like gold, silver, petroleum and financial assets like stocks, bonds and currencies. Options have richer history. Forward contract dated back to Mesopotamian tablets (1750 B.C.). Organized exchanges began trading option on equities in 1973. An Option means a choice. An option in a financial market is created through a financial contract. This financial contract gives a right to its holder to enter into a trade at or before a future specifi ed date. The underlying assets on options include stocks, stock indices, foreign currencies, debt instruments, and commodities and futures contracts. These are called stock options, index options, commodity options and futures options. An option provides a downside protection against risk and also an upside benefit from movements in the underlying asset prices. An option is a contract in which the seller of the contract grants the buyer, the right to purchase from the seller a designated instrument or an asset a specific price which is agreed upon at the time of entering into contract. Option buyer has the right but not an obligation to buy or sell. If the writer gives the buyer of the option the right to purchase from him the underlying assets, it is call option. If the writer gives the buyer of the option the right to sell the underlying asset, the contract is termed as put option. At the time of introducing an option contract, the exchange specifies the period during which the option can be traded or exercised, the period is termed as Expiration period and date at which contract matures is Exercise date. The price at which the underlying asset may be bought or sold is exercise or strike price. Option premium or option price is the amount which the buyer of the option, whether it be a call or put has to pay to the option writer. Intrinsic value of an option is the value of the profits that are likely from the option. The difference between the option premium and intrinsic value is referred as time value. An option whose exercise price is equal to current spot price is said to be at-the-money. A call option is in-the-money when the strike price is below the current spot price of the underlying asset. A put option is in-the-money where the strike price is above the current spot price of the underlying asset. A call option is said to be out-of-the-money when the strike price is above the spot price of the underlying asset. Put option is said to be out-of- the money when the strike price is below the current spot price of the underlying asset. There are two kinds of options—American options and European options. American option can be exercised any time before its expiration date while the European can only be exercised on its expiration date. Trading and pricing of stock options have occupied dominant place in derivative market. Numerous pricing models have been developed, studied and tested. The Black-Scholes model is an option valuation model and it provides a closed form analytical expression for valuation of European style options. It is an option valuation model not a theorem. The model is developed based on assumptions and there are limitations with any such model. When the assumptions of the model are relaxed, discrepancy occurs. According to John C Hull â€Å"An option pricing model is no more than a tool used by traders for understanding the volatility environment and for pricing illiquid securities consistently w ith the market prices of actively traded securities. If traders stopped using Black-Scholes and switched to another plausible model—the prices quoted in the market would not change appreciably†. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Actual market behavior" essay for you Create order Review Of Literature Mandelbrot(1963) observed that the asset prices returns are highly leptokurtic. Numbers of studies were conducted to test the Black-Scholes model and other pricing models. Latane and Rendleman(1976) observed that out-of-money put options are generally overpriced in the market. Macbeth and Merville(1979) found that implied volatilities tended to be relatively high for in-the-money options and relatively low for the out-of-the-money options. A high implied volatility is indicative of a relatively high option price and low implied volatility is a low option price. Rubinstein(1985) in his study on trades reported on Chicago Board Option Exchange during the period 1976 to 1978 found that for out-of-the-money options, short maturity options had significantly higher implied volatilities than long maturity options. Study of Whaley(1986) showed that, overall the deviation between actual market prices and theoretical prices not significant. The model under prices in-the-money options. Some m odels assumed that volatility of stock price process is not constant but stochastic. Heston(1993) derived an option pricing formula when the log of underlying price distribution followed a Gamma process. Some option pricing models are based on series expansions of the underlying prices to obtain the model. Corrado and Su (1996) used a Gram-Charlier expansion of the normal distribution of returns. Popova and Ritchken (1998) created bounds on option prices when the underlying asset had the Paretian stable distribution. The study by Raj and Thurston(1998) on an intra day basis found that model under prices both calls and puts. Heston and Nandi (2000) developed a closed form option pricing formula based on a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (GARCH) process and found lower valuation errors. Savickas (2001) developed option pricing formula based on the Weibull distribution. Anurag Satish(2002), Gururaj and Chug(2002) Varma(2002), Narayana Rao(2003) Schenbagaraman(20 03), analyse the volatility and pricing efficiency of options in India. Varma(2003) studies the pricing of volatility in the Indian Index Options market found that volatility is severely misprices and the Indian option market has moved from naà ¯ve model to Black Scholes Model. Actual Stock price movement does not follow lognormal distribution. Ait-Sahalia and Duarte(2003) consider call price as a one dimensional function of the strike price alone, by using only options with equal time to maturity and assuming that interest rate and dividend yield are deterministic function of time. Yatchew and Hardle(2006) introduced non parametric least squares estimator. They assume the call price to be a function only depending of strike price. Gatheral(2006) defines profession of models someone who finds equations that fit prices in the market prices with minimal errors. Taleb and Goldstein(2007) show that most professional operators and fund managers use a mental measure of mean deviation as a substitute for variance. Need For And Objectives Of The Study For option traders theories should arise from practice. Option price as far as traders are concerned depends on market conditions thereby on stocks and indices. In effect market conditions and related parameters. Option traders normally do not depend on theories. Traders may take decisions based on market conditions, but avoid fragility of theories. Traders specializing in using the put call parity to convert puts into calls or calls into put termed as converters. Dealers who basically operated as market makers can able to operate and hedge most of their risk by hedging option with options or cover their position by off setting. Objectives Of The Study To develop a model for pricing of call option to traders, professional and other market participants as reflected by Market Factor Coefficient (). To derive the option pricing formula based on the underlying assumptions. To find the price of varied series of options of different stocks that constitutes NIFTY Index based on the proposed model. To compute the option price based on Black-Scholes Model and compare with proposed model and observed prices and its effectiveness. Operationally price is not valuation. Valuation requires theoretical frame work with its assumptions and the structure of a model. For traders a price means marked to buy or sell an option. Traders are engineers, whether rational or even not interested in any form of probabilistic rationality. Traders produce a price of an option compatible with the instruments in the market, other market parameters, with a holding time that is stochastic. The study seeks to contribute the existing literature in many w ays. Study is to examine the market factor, role of trader subsequently by pricing of option Research Methodology Assumptions In developing model there are some underlying assumptions: Value of the option depends on market conditions or market forces. Traders quote their price based on such market conditions. Call Option is function of market factor coefficient () as reflected by Exercise Price, Current Stock Price, time to maturity. Option price depends on current stock price, Exercise price, time to maturity, Market factor coefficient which in turn depends on market movement. Fund required for option transaction by long or short is on borrowed fund, rate of which is considered as rate equivalent to risk free interest rate. Since the trader has already decided to buy or sell option, it is assumed that rate has no impact on option price. As such no adjustment on this factor is required. Transaction cost in buying and selling the option do not be reflected in the price quoted by the trader. Traders normally do not exercise the option. Position is covered by offsetting or reverse transaction i.e., buy or sell. Corporate actions like dividend declaration, bonus issue, right issue, stock split, take over, acquisition, buyout, bankruptcy, window dressing are taken care of by the market thereby reflects in market and stock price reflects such changes or adjustment. It is assumed that no adjustment is required on this count. The option markets are efficient. Market factors reflect in fair value of the option. Price of option depends on market factor as reflected in correlation, current stock price, exercise price, time to maturity. Volatility of the underlying stock has considered in the market factor coefficient. Number of contracts traded by the trader depends of on availability of fund at his disposal. Options are tradable only for some strikes in the region. Traders may take decisions based on market conditions. Traders produce a price of an option compatible with market parameters. For determining the market factor coefficient, historical data is needed i n estimation procedure. The current market price of the stock depends on market conditions. Options are tradable only for some strikes in certain range (p,q) around the actual Spot Value St. In a bullish regime actual spot St will be near to q. In bearish regime it is closer to p. In practice the number of tradable options for given expiry could be small. Main Advantages Of The Proposed Model (1) Its simple form (2) Ease of the models implementation (3) Practical application. (4) Adjustment factor and volatility taken care in the market factor coefficient. Data The proposed model is to be tested using the actual values in option market. Using market data to test any asset pricing model involves. An asset is incorrectly priced by the model. Asset is incorrectly priced by market. Both the model and the market price the asset incorrectly. The proposed study, covers call options series written on select underlying stocks included in the Nifty index during the period of one year starting from six months prior to the approval of the research proposal. Data for the study is to be collected from Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) PROWESS database and website of the national stock exchange of India, www.nseindia.com. The date, time, contract month, option type, strike price is to be collected from the data source. Trading days is to be considered for analysis and computation and not calendar days. Historical data is used for calculating the market factor coefficient (). Each stock moves variedly depending on market conditio ns. For calculating the market factor coefficient () values prevailed prior to the day, the option trader marked the price (decided to buy or sell) is to be taken for stock price (kj) and market index (km). Closing price of stock (kj) and the closing price of market index (km) for 20 traded days (n) or any other traded days is to be considered for computation of the market factor coefficient . Exercise or strike price (X) of available series is taken for calculation and St as current stock price. Normal distribution of market factor coefficient from normal distribution table viz, N (). The proposed model is also to be compared with Black-Scholes model. Input parameters are required for estimating theoretical call price of Black-Scholes Model. Time to expiry is annualised by dividing the number of days left for the option to expire by the total number of calendar days. Dividend yield of nifty is to be taken 1.5% p.a Volatility per annum is taken as Volatility per trading day x Trading days is assumed to be 250 Data Analysis : The easiest way to measure accuracy of the formulae is to compare the calculated values with actual call option prices quoted in the market. The differences between actual and computed values are errors. The formula that produces lowest error can be considered better. In the study, errors are measured using following estimates: Mean Error (ME) It can be computed by adding all error values and dividing total error by the number of observations. Where Otp= the theoretical/predicted price of the otpion Oa= Actual price for observation. N= Number of observations. This measure is acceptable when all error data have the same sign (either all are positive or all are negative). A low value of the Mean Error may conceal forecasting inaccuracy due to offsetting effect of large positive and negative forecast errors and make this measure unacceptable. Percentage Mean Error (PME) Mean Absolute Error (MAE) The mean absolute error value is the average absolute error value. The closer this value is to zero, the better is the forecast. MAE is computed using the formula. The neutralization of positive error by negative errors can be avoided in Mean Absolute Error. Mean Squared Error (MSE) Mean Squared Error is computed as the average of the squared error values. This measure is very sensitive to large outlier. Commonly used error indicator in statistical fitting procedures. Mean Squared Error is computed as Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) It is square root value of mean squared error and similar to standard deviation. Thiels U Statistic Henri Thiel (1961) developed an inequality coefficient for measuring the degree to which one time series differs from another. Thiels U statistic is computed as under : Thiels inequality coefficient (Thiels U) Thiels U will equal 1 if a forecasting method is found no better than a naive forecast. If Thiels U is less than 1, it indicates that the method is superior to a naive forecast. A value close to zero indicates a good fit, whereas, value greater than, 1 indicates that the technique is actually worse than using a naive forecast. In comparing the two methods, the method that produces lower U statistic may be considered better than the other. Theils U statistics is independent of the scale of the variables; it is also constructed in such a way that it necessarily lies between zero and one, with zero indicating a perfect fit. A simple t-test is also to be carried out on the data set to test whether the model predicts correctly on average. The null hypothesis is t hat the mean pricing bias is zero. Limitations Of The Study For computing the market factor coefficient ()., market index data is considered. As there are many indices, the value (),changes from indices to indices. With the changes in the number of trading days, ‘n viz., 7 days, 14days, 21 days etc., considered for calculating ().value changes depending on trading days. References Black F(1975, â€Å"Fact and Fantasy in the Use of Options†, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol.31, pp.361-41. Black F and Scholes M S (1973), â€Å"The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities†,. Journal of Political Economy, Vol.81, pp.637-654. Corrado, C.J., and Su. T (1996)Skewness and Kurtosis in SP 500 Index Returns Implied by Option Price,† Journal of Financial Research Vol. 19, pp. 175-192. Heston S (1993), â€Å"Invisible Parameters in Option Prices†, Journal of Finance, Vol.48, pp 933-947. Heston S and Nandi S (2000), â€Å"A Closed-Form GARCH Option Valuation Model†, Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 13, pp.585-625. Jarrow R and Rudd A(1982), â€Å"Approximate Option Valuation for Arbitrary Stochastic Processes†, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 10, pp. 347-369. Latane H Rendlemen R J (1976), â€Å"Standard Deviations of Stock Price Ratios Implied in Option Prices†, Journal of Finance, Vol. 31, pp-369 -381. MacBeth J D and Merville L J (1979), â€Å"An Empirical Examination of the Black-Scholes Call Option Pricing Model†, Journal of Finance, Vol.34, pp. 1173-1186. Mandelbrot B B (1963), â€Å"The Variation of Certain Speculative Prices,† Journal of Business, Vol.36, pp. 394-419.† Popova I and Ritchken P (1998), â€Å"On Bounding Option Prices in Paretian Stable Markets†, Journal of Derivatives, Vol.5, pp.32-43. Raj M and Thurston, D C, (1998), â€Å"Transaction Data Examination of the Effectiveness of the Black-Scholes Model for Option Pricing Options on Nikkei Index Futures†, Journal of Financial and Strategic Decisions Vol.11, No.1 Rubinstein M(1995), As Simple as One, Two, Three†, Risk, Vol.8, pp.44-47 â€Å"Non-parametric Test of Alternative Option Pricing Models using all Reported trades and Quotes on the 30 Most Active CBOE Option Classes From August 23, 1976 Through August 31, 1973†, Journal of Finance, Vol.4 0, No.2, 445-480. Savickas. R (2001), â€Å"A simple option pricing formula† https://ssrn.com/abstract-265854 Thiel.H (1961), Economic Forecast and Policy, 2nd Revised Edition, North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam. Taleb.N. (2007): â€Å"Scale-Invariance in Practice: some questions and workable Patches†, working paper. Thorp. E.O. (2007): â€Å" Edward Thorp on Gambling and Trading†, in Hang (2007). Varma, V R (2003), â€Å"Mispricing of Volatility in the Indian Index Option Market†, working paper, IIM Ahmedabad. Whaley, R (1986), â€Å"Valuation of American future Options: Theory and Empirical Tests†, Journal of Finance, Vol.41, 127-150. REsearch Proposal to Ph. D IN FINANCIAL Management

Rise of Crime in the 1920s Essays - 872 Words

The 1920s are usually characterized as a time of care-free, social rebellion against the restricting ideals of the post WWI world, but it has a darker side than this. Prisons populations and crime rates rose to an all time high from where they were pre-Prohibition. Gangsters soon became the richest, most powerful men in the country and all due to the bootlegging of liquor. In New York and Chicago especially, the gangs were as diverse as the people living there, all fighting to control their areas, causing insane amounts of violence and death. Although Prohibitions aim was to decrease drunkenness and crime, it would ultimately cause more harm than good with the emergence of speakeasies which kept people drunk and gangs who increased crime†¦show more content†¦Bootlegging, the distribution and dealing of an illegal substance, was becoming increasingly popular with liquor outlawed. Bootleggers would go to great extents to bring in liquor to their customers, prymarily speakeasy owners, as well as making sure they did not lose their customers to the other vaious gangs in the area. To ensure this threats were made to owners, gang wars began, and many murders occurred. (â€Å"Prohibition†) Those who became successful bootleggers became emmensly rich and powerful resulting in the expansion and flourishing of organized crime. Most organized crime leaders, gangsters, were wealthy and lived, at least on the outside, a sophisticated and exuberant life. In fact durning the Prohibition Era many people idolized bootlegging and gangs because it was a fast way to get rich and powerful.This would lead to an increase in the population of gangs. These gangs could be extremely dangerous and would kill many, ultimately causing an increase in homicide rates by 13% (Organized Crime and Prohibition†). The reasoning behind the homicide rates going up is simple; as different mobs became more powerful in their areas and their range of illegal activities expanded they got more attention and this attention caused for rivalrys between different mobs and a higher police involvement in attempting to end theShow MoreRelatedHow did the Prohibition Change the United States of America (USA)? And why was it a failure?1490 Words   |  6 Pagesthe drinking of alcoholic beverages. The enforcement of the Volstead Act in the United States of America (USA) saw the nationwide beginning of the prohibition on the 16th of January 1920. The Prohibition brought about a change in attitude for the people of the United States (USA). It caused an extreme rise in crime; encouraging everyday people to break the law and increased the amount of liquor that was consumed nationwide. Overall this law was a failure because a law can not be enforced on a democraticRead MoreAl Capone : The Ruthless Gangster1222 Words   |  5 Pagesdue to the few tactics he utilized. Throughout the 1920s, Capone was known for being a successful criminal and almost made Prohibition nonexistent. Capone is credited for most of the illegal distribution of alcohol by using violence to threaten opposing gangs. Al Capone was the most successful distributor of alcohol due to bribing law enforcements and violence against opposing gangs(Yauncey). Capone was a very successful criminal throughout the 1920s which earned him fame during his time. Opposing gangsRead MoreOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties678 Words   |  3 PagesOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties The 1920s, or the Roaring Twenties as this epoch is often referred to as, was a major turning point in America history. During this time period many American citizens believed and even acted out of hedonism. This mindset of the general population and along with other dilemmas led to a stunning and rapid increase in the amount of organized crime. The sudden uproar of organized crime during the 1920s was caused mainly by prohibition that gave rise to manyRead MoreA comparison between the 1920s and the 1980s.1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1920s and 1980s are similar in many ways. Their similarities are social, economical, and political. Some of the similarities between the decades are Prohibition and the War on Drugs, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and 1987, and the influence of music on society. Prohibition was passed as the 18th amendment, that importing, exporting, transporting, and manufacturing of alcohol was to be put to an end. Prohibition did not achieve its goals. 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Womens Rights Through History free essay sample

First, a strong example of women’s roles in the late 1800’s is represented in the document â€Å"The Husband Commandments† by H. De Marsan. It gives a fairly accurate portrayal of how men looked down upon women and how they had a very strict lifestyle given by their husbands in order to be the ideal wife that their husband wished for them to be. For example, it states that women should â€Å"Honour Thy Husband and Obey Him†. Women’s roles in this time period were very strict and the wives had no room for error. However, an example from the late 1800’s on what women’s roles used to be would be from â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. Which is about effect of confinement on the narrators mental health, and her descent into psychosis, and with nothing to stimulate her, she becomes obsessed by the pattern and color of the wallpaper. It shows that women and men did not have equal parts in relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Rights Through History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The story illustrates the male dominated society and relationship and how it was customary for men to assume that their gender knew what, when, how, and why to do things. For example when the narrator says, â€Å"If a physician of high standing, and ones own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depressiona slight hysterical tendency what is one to do? † (Gilman) Throughout the beginning of the story, the narrator tends to buy into the idea that the man is always right and makes excuses for her feelings and his actions and words. Honesty is one of the most important characteristics a relationship should have. In this case, the narrator feels that she can not tell him how she feels so as not to upset him and make him mad. When the woman does attempt to have a discussion with John, she ends up crying and not being able to express herself. John treats her like a child as men believed that crying is something that women do and is something that shows weakness. The narrator eventually goes against common culture in that era and goes insane. Men thought the feminist movement was weak and useless, while comparatively, men like John thought their wives were weak and useless outside the home. This example shows how lowly men thought of their wives and how many wives were often treated like children. Next, an example of a short story that depicts women in the mid 1900’s was The Life You Save May Be Your Own by Flannery O’Connor. In this story the image of women being pure and innocent is emphasized greatly. O’Connor gives the image that the perfect woman is pure and divine and has very high expectations. There is a lot of religious symbolism in this story making the holiness of women in the mid 1900’s much higher. Also, occurring in the 1950’s is the poem by Anne Sexton, Self in 1958. This poem depicts women’s roles as the perfect ‘plastic doll’ expectation. Sexton makes the role of women seem to have to be a perfect role no matter what. It displays the way many relationships tended to be in the 1950’s. Her relationship with her spouse is one of pretension and not genuine love. She is imprisoned in ‘solid’ by their noise. The word ‘solid’ denotes lack of flexibility in their relationship and in the woman‘s life. The ‘noise’ referring to the loud commands from her husband not giving her freedom at all. The woman is living a life that is small and has limited possibilities. Additionally, Raising A Son With Men on the Fringes by Robyn Marks, Is a portrayal of how the average woman is supposed to raise her children and be expected to maintain the expected behavior that women have. It also shows how women’s roles have changed and that men can be on the ‘fringes’ and get away with it. However if the woman in this story wanted to act like the man, it would have been looked down upon and since she was a black woman she was facing many more struggles then a white single mother would. This reveals how women can’t back out of their responsibilities and have more pressure. On the other hand, in the modern day, women‘s roles are very superficial and based on the perfect image. An example of this is based on â€Å"Seventeen† magazine’s January 2009 issue, it displays the perfect figure by a picture of Beyonce. It has big labels saying ‘Pretty Looks for You’ and ‘Get Your Best Body’. This shows that today in the modern day women are just basically expected to have the perfect body and looks. Another example would be in the magazine â€Å"Mother Baby,† there is always a picture of the mother and baby and very rarely the father is mentioned in these magazines. This portrays the image that women are supposed to be the primary caretaker of children even if they are working. In conclusion, women’s power, roles and societal expectations have changed since the 1880’s in some ways but are incredibly same in others. In comparison to the 1880’s women are still given a ‘perfect’ image in media and by others and have high expectations in society to live up to them. Also, their roles as caretaker are still highly enforced and are expected to be the mother and go through the struggles as the mother mostly by herself and the father does not have a caretaker expectation. The thing that has changed is the power women have now compared to then. Women have more power to be a single mother when the man they are with is not a loving man. However, this is a huge deal of work and responsibility for women. Women have the capability that they didn’t have in the 1880’s to stand up for themselves, work and be individualists. Therefore in conclusion, women still have the same roles and similar societal expectations but their power in society has changed drastically. Matlis