tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76703978795252998042024-03-08T13:40:41.966-08:00Get writing paragraphs and essaysgranevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.comBlogger166125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-22945317451235178272020-08-27T16:44:00.001-07:002020-08-27T16:44:03.849-07:00Computers in our WorldPCs in our World In the 1950's, PCs were another race of machines and most regular individual knew nothing about them. Today, PCs and new Innovation like the web has changed the business world and even our day by day lives. How could it change the business world and our very own lives and is it generally advantageous, that is the thing that will be talked about here. How Computers changed our lives . Huge organizations currently for the most part rely upon PCs to remain serious, they spare time and exertion, however once in a while they are utilized to do complex application that are important to this business. An ever increasing number of organizations have there own Website page on the net. Some utilization the Internet just to show data about there business, others truly go hard and fast and utilize the Internet as another path for a customer to buy their products and enterprises. In any case, the Internet is getting bigger and bigger, in this manner, organizations that need to remain on top can't discard the Internet as another approach to execute with their clients.Internet!Although PCs have gotten fundamental in the business world, it additionally has become an absolute necessity for specific people in their day by day lives. With PCs today, the things you can do are probably not going to do with out it. It influences individuals in an assortment of ways. It changes the manner in which we convey, the manner in which we work together and the manner in which we spend our days.The present day universe of high innovation couldn't have come to fruition aside from the advancement of the PC. Various sorts and sizes of PCs discover utilizes all through society in the capacity and treatment of information, from mystery administrative records to banking exchanges to private family accounts. PCs have opened up another time in assembling through the methods of mechanization, and they have... granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-54029620975799017192020-08-22T12:32:00.001-07:002020-08-22T12:32:42.555-07:00A Comprehensive Classroom Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsA Comprehensive Classroom Management Plan - Essay Example What's more, the psychosocial progress model would likewise be compelling ways to deal with helping understudies recognize both their inner and outer situations all the more cautiously (Jones and Jones, 2010). The technique for applying results can end up being reasonable and steady if just all the understudies are very much aware of the outcomes forced for various kinds of trouble making. What's more, I will show decency in applying results by guaranteeing that every understudy faces the outcomes of their activities without exemptions. Barring a few understudies from confronting the results forced presents a proportion of inclination. In this way, all the measures in applying results ought to be material to every understudy contingent upon their activities (Sayeski and Brown, 2014). When working with singular understudies with an end goal to address bad conduct, the initial step I should take includes moving toward the particular understudy and relating the particular rowdiness in a firm way. I ought to likewise underscore on the elevated standards of appropriate conduct. Likewise, I will weight on why it isn't right to enjoy awful practices. In the wake of explaining the bad conduct, I would then force a result. Then again, dealing with social contrasts in a homeroom setting requires a proactive methodology. As an instructor, I ought to acquaint every one of my understudies with social decent variety and assist them with acknowledging assorted variety. I intend to enable my understudies to perceive and celebrate social assorted variety. On account of learning capacity contrasts, I intend to comprehend the potential so f every understudy and concentrate on those with learning difficulties. At the point when understudies with learning difficulties get the importa nt help from the teacher, they are bound to improve (Jones and Jones, 2010). When taking care of issues in the study hall, I will depend on the standard methodology that includes recognizing the issue and assembling data about the granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-73345357083710138112020-08-21T10:14:00.001-07:002020-08-21T10:14:27.409-07:00How to Prepare a Bat Writing PaperHow to Prepare a Bat Writing PaperOne of the easiest ways to improve your writing is to start by working on a bat writing paper. This can be especially helpful if you feel like you have a lot of trouble getting things down in writing. In this article, I will explain how to get a good bat writing paper, and what you need to focus on.A good bat writing paper should be no more than five hundred words long. You want to keep this short, so that you can get everything down in as few words as possible. By doing this, you will end up getting better at writing in general. However, there are certain rules to follow, as well.The first thing you want to do when preparing a good bat writing paper is to have a headshot of yourself. Take the photo of yourself, and start with the face. Remember to choose a face that is neutral. Another option is to use a picture of an animal. Try to stick with something that is more common.Start with a nice hat. I suggest wearing a hat that is rather fitting. The pu rpose of your hat is to serve as a hat stand.Take out pens and paper and start your writing paper from scratch. Write the introduction, and body of the paper. This can be done in one sentence, but it is much easier to work on.When you are ready to continue, you can write the introductory paragraph. This is where you write about yourself, what you do, and what you would like others to know about you. You want to make sure that the introduction is written in a very brief and easy way.Then you can write a few paragraphs about yourself. Use shorter sentences and fewer words, and try to put yourself in the middle of the page. This can be done by writing in a horizontal layout. The more horizontal space you create, the more readable your writing will be.Finally, write the conclusion of your bat writing paper. Again, keep your sentences short and simple. It is best to work on your conclusion in a quiet room, as it is one of the harder parts of writing a paper. Remember to try to keep your writing as short as possible, and you will be well on your way to having a successful bat writing paper. granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-23690296711241929522020-05-25T23:44:00.001-07:002020-05-25T23:44:04.666-07:00Substance Abuse And Domestic Violence Essay - 1670 Words In this paper I will be addressing the correlation that is between substance abuse and domestic violence. There are many factors that play a role in why domestic violence occurs in a home; this paper will be focusing on the factor of drug abuse in particularly. Early on in the course we learned that domestic violence does not only pertain to intimate partner violence but also to child abuse, elder abuse, and any other abuse of a person that occurs with inside the home. I will be providing research from scholarly journals that support the findings that substance abuse is related to domestic violence on all levels (intimate partner violence, child abuse, and elderly abuse). Research has proven that drugs impair ones cognitive processing which can lead to persons acting out of character and or crossing social boundaries such as physical violence. The American Public Health Association reports that ââ¬Å"drug use induces cognitive disruption and impairs the ability to process social int eractions for the perpetrator and victim of intimate partner violence. These cognitive disruptions may lead to paranoia, impair judgment, and distort cues, increasing the likelihood of a violent interactionâ⬠(El-Bassel, Gilbert, Wu, Go, Hill, 2005). Another journal said ââ¬Å"We know that different drugs have widely varying physiological and behavioral effects, so we can conclude that it is likely drug use will also have varying effects on domestic violence perpetrationâ⬠(Stuart, Temple, Follansbee,Show MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse And Domestic Violence3742 Words à |à 15 Pagesseek domestic violence services, and even more who do not seek services, are dealing with substance abuse issues as well as abuse. The reasons that domestic violence victims begin their substance abuse vary, but can include: use as a coping mechanism in order to survive the abusive situation, a way to deal with abuse of the past, coercion and by an abusive partner, chemical dependency, cultura l oppression or a new sense of freedom (Bland Edmund, 2005). Whatever the reason for substance abuseRead MoreDomestic Violence And Substance Abuse Essay1511 Words à |à 7 PagesDomestic Violence and Substance Abuse I decided to pick this topic because I was a victim of domestic violence, likely due to substance abuse at one point in time. Every single day was miserable and I had nowhere to go. I didnââ¬â¢t even know that he was using drugs. He was a few years older than me and I was naà ¯ve about what was happening. After several months, I was finally able to have my mom help me move back to Arizona. I have moved on from that chapter in my life, but I have always been curiousRead More Case Study: Impact on Children of Substance Abuse, Domestic Violence, and Mental Illness2706 Words à |à 11 PagesStudies have shown that children who grow up in families where there is substance misuse, mental illness or domestic violence are more vulnerable to significant harm (Kendall-Taylor and Mikulak 2009).Childrenââ¬â¢s vulnerability usually stems from the effects of substance misuse, domestic violence or mental illness on parenting ability. Substance misuse, domestic violence and mental illness ca n result in parentââ¬â¢s finding it difficult to organize their lives to meet both their personal needs and theirRead MoreWomen And Domestic Violence : India Essay1480 Words à |à 6 PagesWomen and Domestic Violence India Chillious Cleveland State University This paper was prepared or Social Work 622, Section 480, taught by Professor Seck Violence has been an ongoing issue, and has increased over the years. There are many different types of violence that can take place, one being domestic violence. Domestic violence is defined as a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over anotherRead MoreThe Violence And Its Effects On The Lives Of Contemporary Native Generations Essay1400 Words à |à 6 Pagesrelationship between mother and daughter, intergenerational transmission of trauma via substance abuse, domestic violence, and identity implications can potentially result in suicide. First off, substance abuse can facilitate the transmission of trauma from mother to daughter. Whether the mother drinks throughout her pregnancy, drinks in the presence of her daughter, or neglects her child due to a substance problem, the mother partakes in the passing down of trauma in a damaging way. In ââ¬Å"IntergenerationalRead MoreForensic Psychology And Crime And Substance Abuse847 Words à |à 4 Pages Forensic Psychology Forensic psychology is a solid reference to crime and substance abuse. Criminal behavior is an evil thought however substance abuse is a disease. One will certainly need a better understanding to an individualââ¬â¢s crime that would cause one to commit them. Did the drugs make him/her do it? Psychology, biology, and criminology fall within the evolution in forensic psychology. Race, sex, and poverty plays a pivotal role when a crime is committed within a specificRead MoreBandura s Social Learning Theory And Attachment Theory1260 Words à |à 6 Pageshas similarities and distinctions regarding the mechanisms that underlie the impact of child abuse. This essay will examine these competing theories to determine which mechanisms are most strongly supported for families at high risk for child abuse and/or neglect (Begle, Dumas Hanson, 2010). Social Learning Theory Social learning theory suggests that the mechanism underlying the continuity of violence is observational learning in which children who were abused learn to repeat abusive or neglectfulRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1448 Words à |à 6 PagesHow does domestic violence between parents and parental figures affect the children who witness it? This is a question often asked by Sociologists and Psychologists alike. There have been studies that prove that children who witness domestic inter-parental violence experience mental health problems, issues with gender roles, substance abuse, the committing of crimes and suicide/suicide attempts later in their lives. This paper will explore all five of these effects of domestic violence on childrenRead MoreResearch Proposal- Alcohol Abuse Leads to Domestic Violence1471 Words à |à 6 PagesDetermining whether Alcohol abuse leads to Domestic Violence Abstract This study seeks to analyze and examine the effects that alcohol abuse may have on domestic violence cases. The main goal of this study is to determine whether or not alcohol or alcohol abuse really has an affect on people and if it causes domestic violence or not. This study will be helpful in many ways and instances and it will help those who are still wondering whether or not these to completely different socialRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Abusers Of Domestic Violence904 Words à |à 4 Pagesbeen resolved. Some of the abuse results from being abused or it comes from social problems. Regardless of the situation abuse is never okay and should be handled accordingly. This essay will cover the characteristics of abusers of domestic violence and what roles substance abuse plays in domestic violence. One characteristic of an abuser is destroying an individualââ¬â¢s property and the things they care about. When an abuser feels like an individual is going to leave the abuse, the ab user will sometimes granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-63924410838972288592020-05-15T06:22:00.001-07:002020-05-15T06:22:05.188-07:00Actual market behavior - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3059 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? An Option Pricing Model: Theory, Model Empirical Test Abstract A simple option pricing model based on correlation of underlying stock with actual market behavior as reflected by market index. The simplicity and ease of the model may appeal to the traders, operators and other market participants. Option prices produced by the proposed model are close to the actual price for all range of strike prices. The simplicity and precision of the proposed model are its main advantages over the existing models. Introduction Options belong to a class of instruments referred to as ââ¬ËDerivatives because they derive their value from an underlying commodity or financial assets. By definition, ââ¬Å"derivative is a contract or an agreement for exchange of payments, whose value derives from the value of an underlying asset or underlying reference rates or indicesâ⬠. Price of a derivative instrument is contingent on the value of its underlying asset. The underlying commodities and financial assets can range from products like wheat and cotton to precious items like gold, silver, petroleum and financial assets like stocks, bonds and currencies. Options have richer history. Forward contract dated back to Mesopotamian tablets (1750 B.C.). Organized exchanges began trading option on equities in 1973. An Option means a choice. An option in a financial market is created through a financial contract. This financial contract gives a right to its holder to enter into a trade at or before a future specifi ed date. The underlying assets on options include stocks, stock indices, foreign currencies, debt instruments, and commodities and futures contracts. These are called stock options, index options, commodity options and futures options. An option provides a downside protection against risk and also an upside benefit from movements in the underlying asset prices. An option is a contract in which the seller of the contract grants the buyer, the right to purchase from the seller a designated instrument or an asset a specific price which is agreed upon at the time of entering into contract. Option buyer has the right but not an obligation to buy or sell. If the writer gives the buyer of the option the right to purchase from him the underlying assets, it is call option. If the writer gives the buyer of the option the right to sell the underlying asset, the contract is termed as put option. At the time of introducing an option contract, the exchange specifies the period during which the option can be traded or exercised, the period is termed as Expiration period and date at which contract matures is Exercise date. The price at which the underlying asset may be bought or sold is exercise or strike price. Option premium or option price is the amount which the buyer of the option, whether it be a call or put has to pay to the option writer. Intrinsic value of an option is the value of the profits that are likely from the option. The difference between the option premium and intrinsic value is referred as time value. An option whose exercise price is equal to current spot price is said to be at-the-money. A call option is in-the-money when the strike price is below the current spot price of the underlying asset. A put option is in-the-money where the strike price is above the current spot price of the underlying asset. A call option is said to be out-of-the-money when the strike price is above the spot price of the underlying asset. Put option is said to be out-of- the money when the strike price is below the current spot price of the underlying asset. There are two kinds of optionsââ¬âAmerican options and European options. American option can be exercised any time before its expiration date while the European can only be exercised on its expiration date. Trading and pricing of stock options have occupied dominant place in derivative market. Numerous pricing models have been developed, studied and tested. The Black-Scholes model is an option valuation model and it provides a closed form analytical expression for valuation of European style options. It is an option valuation model not a theorem. The model is developed based on assumptions and there are limitations with any such model. When the assumptions of the model are relaxed, discrepancy occurs. According to John C Hull ââ¬Å"An option pricing model is no more than a tool used by traders for understanding the volatility environment and for pricing illiquid securities consistently w ith the market prices of actively traded securities. If traders stopped using Black-Scholes and switched to another plausible modelââ¬âthe prices quoted in the market would not change appreciablyâ⬠. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Actual market behavior" essay for you Create order Review Of Literature Mandelbrot(1963) observed that the asset prices returns are highly leptokurtic. Numbers of studies were conducted to test the Black-Scholes model and other pricing models. Latane and Rendleman(1976) observed that out-of-money put options are generally overpriced in the market. Macbeth and Merville(1979) found that implied volatilities tended to be relatively high for in-the-money options and relatively low for the out-of-the-money options. A high implied volatility is indicative of a relatively high option price and low implied volatility is a low option price. Rubinstein(1985) in his study on trades reported on Chicago Board Option Exchange during the period 1976 to 1978 found that for out-of-the-money options, short maturity options had significantly higher implied volatilities than long maturity options. Study of Whaley(1986) showed that, overall the deviation between actual market prices and theoretical prices not significant. The model under prices in-the-money options. Some m odels assumed that volatility of stock price process is not constant but stochastic. Heston(1993) derived an option pricing formula when the log of underlying price distribution followed a Gamma process. Some option pricing models are based on series expansions of the underlying prices to obtain the model. Corrado and Su (1996) used a Gram-Charlier expansion of the normal distribution of returns. Popova and Ritchken (1998) created bounds on option prices when the underlying asset had the Paretian stable distribution. The study by Raj and Thurston(1998) on an intra day basis found that model under prices both calls and puts. Heston and Nandi (2000) developed a closed form option pricing formula based on a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (GARCH) process and found lower valuation errors. Savickas (2001) developed option pricing formula based on the Weibull distribution. Anurag Satish(2002), Gururaj and Chug(2002) Varma(2002), Narayana Rao(2003) Schenbagaraman(20 03), analyse the volatility and pricing efficiency of options in India. Varma(2003) studies the pricing of volatility in the Indian Index Options market found that volatility is severely misprices and the Indian option market has moved from naà ¯ve model to Black Scholes Model. Actual Stock price movement does not follow lognormal distribution. Ait-Sahalia and Duarte(2003) consider call price as a one dimensional function of the strike price alone, by using only options with equal time to maturity and assuming that interest rate and dividend yield are deterministic function of time. Yatchew and Hardle(2006) introduced non parametric least squares estimator. They assume the call price to be a function only depending of strike price. Gatheral(2006) defines profession of models someone who finds equations that fit prices in the market prices with minimal errors. Taleb and Goldstein(2007) show that most professional operators and fund managers use a mental measure of mean deviation as a substitute for variance. Need For And Objectives Of The Study For option traders theories should arise from practice. Option price as far as traders are concerned depends on market conditions thereby on stocks and indices. In effect market conditions and related parameters. Option traders normally do not depend on theories. Traders may take decisions based on market conditions, but avoid fragility of theories. Traders specializing in using the put call parity to convert puts into calls or calls into put termed as converters. Dealers who basically operated as market makers can able to operate and hedge most of their risk by hedging option with options or cover their position by off setting. Objectives Of The Study To develop a model for pricing of call option to traders, professional and other market participants as reflected by Market Factor Coefficient (). To derive the option pricing formula based on the underlying assumptions. To find the price of varied series of options of different stocks that constitutes NIFTY Index based on the proposed model. To compute the option price based on Black-Scholes Model and compare with proposed model and observed prices and its effectiveness. Operationally price is not valuation. Valuation requires theoretical frame work with its assumptions and the structure of a model. For traders a price means marked to buy or sell an option. Traders are engineers, whether rational or even not interested in any form of probabilistic rationality. Traders produce a price of an option compatible with the instruments in the market, other market parameters, with a holding time that is stochastic. The study seeks to contribute the existing literature in many w ays. Study is to examine the market factor, role of trader subsequently by pricing of option Research Methodology Assumptions In developing model there are some underlying assumptions: Value of the option depends on market conditions or market forces. Traders quote their price based on such market conditions. Call Option is function of market factor coefficient () as reflected by Exercise Price, Current Stock Price, time to maturity. Option price depends on current stock price, Exercise price, time to maturity, Market factor coefficient which in turn depends on market movement. Fund required for option transaction by long or short is on borrowed fund, rate of which is considered as rate equivalent to risk free interest rate. Since the trader has already decided to buy or sell option, it is assumed that rate has no impact on option price. As such no adjustment on this factor is required. Transaction cost in buying and selling the option do not be reflected in the price quoted by the trader. Traders normally do not exercise the option. Position is covered by offsetting or reverse transaction i.e., buy or sell. Corporate actions like dividend declaration, bonus issue, right issue, stock split, take over, acquisition, buyout, bankruptcy, window dressing are taken care of by the market thereby reflects in market and stock price reflects such changes or adjustment. It is assumed that no adjustment is required on this count. The option markets are efficient. Market factors reflect in fair value of the option. Price of option depends on market factor as reflected in correlation, current stock price, exercise price, time to maturity. Volatility of the underlying stock has considered in the market factor coefficient. Number of contracts traded by the trader depends of on availability of fund at his disposal. Options are tradable only for some strikes in the region. Traders may take decisions based on market conditions. Traders produce a price of an option compatible with market parameters. For determining the market factor coefficient, historical data is needed i n estimation procedure. The current market price of the stock depends on market conditions. Options are tradable only for some strikes in certain range (p,q) around the actual Spot Value St. In a bullish regime actual spot St will be near to q. In bearish regime it is closer to p. In practice the number of tradable options for given expiry could be small. Main Advantages Of The Proposed Model (1) Its simple form (2) Ease of the models implementation (3) Practical application. (4) Adjustment factor and volatility taken care in the market factor coefficient. Data The proposed model is to be tested using the actual values in option market. Using market data to test any asset pricing model involves. An asset is incorrectly priced by the model. Asset is incorrectly priced by market. Both the model and the market price the asset incorrectly. The proposed study, covers call options series written on select underlying stocks included in the Nifty index during the period of one year starting from six months prior to the approval of the research proposal. Data for the study is to be collected from Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) PROWESS database and website of the national stock exchange of India, www.nseindia.com. The date, time, contract month, option type, strike price is to be collected from the data source. Trading days is to be considered for analysis and computation and not calendar days. Historical data is used for calculating the market factor coefficient (). Each stock moves variedly depending on market conditio ns. For calculating the market factor coefficient () values prevailed prior to the day, the option trader marked the price (decided to buy or sell) is to be taken for stock price (kj) and market index (km). Closing price of stock (kj) and the closing price of market index (km) for 20 traded days (n) or any other traded days is to be considered for computation of the market factor coefficient . Exercise or strike price (X) of available series is taken for calculation and St as current stock price. Normal distribution of market factor coefficient from normal distribution table viz, N (). The proposed model is also to be compared with Black-Scholes model. Input parameters are required for estimating theoretical call price of Black-Scholes Model. Time to expiry is annualised by dividing the number of days left for the option to expire by the total number of calendar days. Dividend yield of nifty is to be taken 1.5% p.a Volatility per annum is taken as Volatility per trading day x Trading days is assumed to be 250 Data Analysis : The easiest way to measure accuracy of the formulae is to compare the calculated values with actual call option prices quoted in the market. The differences between actual and computed values are errors. The formula that produces lowest error can be considered better. In the study, errors are measured using following estimates: Mean Error (ME) It can be computed by adding all error values and dividing total error by the number of observations. Where Otp= the theoretical/predicted price of the otpion Oa= Actual price for observation. N= Number of observations. This measure is acceptable when all error data have the same sign (either all are positive or all are negative). A low value of the Mean Error may conceal forecasting inaccuracy due to offsetting effect of large positive and negative forecast errors and make this measure unacceptable. Percentage Mean Error (PME) Mean Absolute Error (MAE) The mean absolute error value is the average absolute error value. The closer this value is to zero, the better is the forecast. MAE is computed using the formula. The neutralization of positive error by negative errors can be avoided in Mean Absolute Error. Mean Squared Error (MSE) Mean Squared Error is computed as the average of the squared error values. This measure is very sensitive to large outlier. Commonly used error indicator in statistical fitting procedures. Mean Squared Error is computed as Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) It is square root value of mean squared error and similar to standard deviation. Thiels U Statistic Henri Thiel (1961) developed an inequality coefficient for measuring the degree to which one time series differs from another. Thiels U statistic is computed as under : Thiels inequality coefficient (Thiels U) Thiels U will equal 1 if a forecasting method is found no better than a naive forecast. If Thiels U is less than 1, it indicates that the method is superior to a naive forecast. A value close to zero indicates a good fit, whereas, value greater than, 1 indicates that the technique is actually worse than using a naive forecast. In comparing the two methods, the method that produces lower U statistic may be considered better than the other. Theils U statistics is independent of the scale of the variables; it is also constructed in such a way that it necessarily lies between zero and one, with zero indicating a perfect fit. A simple t-test is also to be carried out on the data set to test whether the model predicts correctly on average. The null hypothesis is t hat the mean pricing bias is zero. Limitations Of The Study For computing the market factor coefficient ()., market index data is considered. As there are many indices, the value (),changes from indices to indices. With the changes in the number of trading days, ââ¬Ën viz., 7 days, 14days, 21 days etc., considered for calculating ().value changes depending on trading days. References Black F(1975, ââ¬Å"Fact and Fantasy in the Use of Optionsâ⬠, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol.31, pp.361-41. Black F and Scholes M S (1973), ââ¬Å"The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilitiesâ⬠,. Journal of Political Economy, Vol.81, pp.637-654. Corrado, C.J., and Su. T (1996)Skewness and Kurtosis in SP 500 Index Returns Implied by Option Price,â⬠Journal of Financial Research Vol. 19, pp. 175-192. Heston S (1993), ââ¬Å"Invisible Parameters in Option Pricesâ⬠, Journal of Finance, Vol.48, pp 933-947. Heston S and Nandi S (2000), ââ¬Å"A Closed-Form GARCH Option Valuation Modelâ⬠, Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 13, pp.585-625. Jarrow R and Rudd A(1982), ââ¬Å"Approximate Option Valuation for Arbitrary Stochastic Processesâ⬠, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 10, pp. 347-369. Latane H Rendlemen R J (1976), ââ¬Å"Standard Deviations of Stock Price Ratios Implied in Option Pricesâ⬠, Journal of Finance, Vol. 31, pp-369 -381. MacBeth J D and Merville L J (1979), ââ¬Å"An Empirical Examination of the Black-Scholes Call Option Pricing Modelâ⬠, Journal of Finance, Vol.34, pp. 1173-1186. Mandelbrot B B (1963), ââ¬Å"The Variation of Certain Speculative Prices,â⬠Journal of Business, Vol.36, pp. 394-419.â⬠Popova I and Ritchken P (1998), ââ¬Å"On Bounding Option Prices in Paretian Stable Marketsâ⬠, Journal of Derivatives, Vol.5, pp.32-43. Raj M and Thurston, D C, (1998), ââ¬Å"Transaction Data Examination of the Effectiveness of the Black-Scholes Model for Option Pricing Options on Nikkei Index Futuresâ⬠, Journal of Financial and Strategic Decisions Vol.11, No.1 Rubinstein M(1995), As Simple as One, Two, Threeâ⬠, Risk, Vol.8, pp.44-47 ââ¬Å"Non-parametric Test of Alternative Option Pricing Models using all Reported trades and Quotes on the 30 Most Active CBOE Option Classes From August 23, 1976 Through August 31, 1973â⬠, Journal of Finance, Vol.4 0, No.2, 445-480. Savickas. R (2001), ââ¬Å"A simple option pricing formulaâ⬠https://ssrn.com/abstract-265854 Thiel.H (1961), Economic Forecast and Policy, 2nd Revised Edition, North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam. Taleb.N. (2007): ââ¬Å"Scale-Invariance in Practice: some questions and workable Patchesâ⬠, working paper. Thorp. E.O. (2007): ââ¬Å" Edward Thorp on Gambling and Tradingâ⬠, in Hang (2007). Varma, V R (2003), ââ¬Å"Mispricing of Volatility in the Indian Index Option Marketâ⬠, working paper, IIM Ahmedabad. Whaley, R (1986), ââ¬Å"Valuation of American future Options: Theory and Empirical Testsâ⬠, Journal of Finance, Vol.41, 127-150. REsearch Proposal to Ph. D IN FINANCIAL Management granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-57425111715207034172020-05-06T16:14:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:14:16.400-07:00Rise of Crime in the 1920s Essays - 872 Words The 1920s are usually characterized as a time of care-free, social rebellion against the restricting ideals of the post WWI world, but it has a darker side than this. Prisons populations and crime rates rose to an all time high from where they were pre-Prohibition. Gangsters soon became the richest, most powerful men in the country and all due to the bootlegging of liquor. In New York and Chicago especially, the gangs were as diverse as the people living there, all fighting to control their areas, causing insane amounts of violence and death. Although Prohibitions aim was to decrease drunkenness and crime, it would ultimately cause more harm than good with the emergence of speakeasies which kept people drunk and gangs who increased crimeâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Bootlegging, the distribution and dealing of an illegal substance, was becoming increasingly popular with liquor outlawed. Bootleggers would go to great extents to bring in liquor to their customers, prymarily speakeasy owners, as well as making sure they did not lose their customers to the other vaious gangs in the area. To ensure this threats were made to owners, gang wars began, and many murders occurred. (ââ¬Å"Prohibitionâ⬠) Those who became successful bootleggers became emmensly rich and powerful resulting in the expansion and flourishing of organized crime. Most organized crime leaders, gangsters, were wealthy and lived, at least on the outside, a sophisticated and exuberant life. In fact durning the Prohibition Era many people idolized bootlegging and gangs because it was a fast way to get rich and powerful.This would lead to an increase in the population of gangs. These gangs could be extremely dangerous and would kill many, ultimately causing an increase in homicide rates by 13% (Organized Crime and Prohibitionâ⬠). The reasoning behind the homicide rates going up is simple; as different mobs became more powerful in their areas and their range of illegal activities expanded they got more attention and this attention caused for rivalrys between different mobs and a higher police involvement in attempting to end theShow MoreRelatedHow did the Prohibition Change the United States of America (USA)? And why was it a failure?1490 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe drinking of alcoholic beverages. The enforcement of the Volstead Act in the United States of America (USA) saw the nationwide beginning of the prohibition on the 16th of January 1920. The Prohibition brought about a change in attitude for the people of the United States (USA). It caused an extreme rise in crime; encouraging everyday people to break the law and increased the amount of liquor that was consumed nationwide. Overall this law was a failure because a law can not be enforced on a democraticRead MoreAl Capone : The Ruthless Gangster1222 Words à |à 5 Pagesdue to the few tactics he utilized. Throughout the 1920s, Capone was known for being a successful criminal and almost made Prohibition nonexistent. Capone is credited for most of the illegal distribution of alcohol by using violence to threaten opposing gangs. Al Capone was the most successful distributor of alcohol due to bribing law enforcements and violence against opposing gangs(Yauncey). Capone was a very successful criminal throughout the 1920s which earned him fame during his time. Opposing gangsRead MoreOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties678 Words à |à 3 PagesOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties The 1920s, or the Roaring Twenties as this epoch is often referred to as, was a major turning point in America history. During this time period many American citizens believed and even acted out of hedonism. This mindset of the general population and along with other dilemmas led to a stunning and rapid increase in the amount of organized crime. The sudden uproar of organized crime during the 1920s was caused mainly by prohibition that gave rise to manyRead MoreA comparison between the 1920s and the 1980s.1408 Words à |à 6 PagesThe 1920s and 1980s are similar in many ways. Their similarities are social, economical, and political. Some of the similarities between the decades are Prohibition and the War on Drugs, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and 1987, and the influence of music on society. Prohibition was passed as the 18th amendment, that importing, exporting, transporting, and manufacturing of alcohol was to be put to an end. Prohibition did not achieve its goals. Instead, it added to the problems that it intendedRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Organized Crime917 Words à |à 4 PagesDuring the 19th century there were various issues that were occurring that launched an epidemic of organized crime, in the United States problems with organized crime were mainly seen in a social, political and cultural spectrum. During the 19th century, various problems were erupting causing conflict within society, large numbers of immigration had occurred, the majority had come from China and Ireland. When the Chinese arrived to the United States they were mostly utilized as workers for the railroadsRead MoreIdentification And Evaluation Of Sources1315 Words à |à 6 PagesRyan Bankston 3/2/16 2B History Section 1: Identification and Evaluation of sources This investigation will explore the question: What were the causes that lead to Prohibition s failure in the United States? This investigation will follow the years 1893 through 1933 to analyze the reasons for Prohibition s failure as well as a shift away from Prohibition. The Prohibition era in the United States is most notably remembered for its inability to sober up the nation. According to Mark ThorntonRead More Cultural Revolution Of The 1920s Essay745 Words à |à 3 Pages The 1920s were times of cultural revolution. The times were changing in many different ways. Whenever the times change, there is a clash between the quot;oldquot; and the quot;newquot; generations. The 1920s were no exception. In Dayton, Tennessee, 1925, a high school biology teacher was arrested. He was arrested because he taught the theory of evolution. The teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of having violated the Butler Act. This was a Tennessee law that forbade the teaching of the theoryRead More Prohibition Essay examples1083 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe 18th amendment in 1920. Organizations came about for the sole purpose of an alcohol free America. In 1833, an estimated one million Americans belonged to some type of temperance association (Behr 12). Many believed the absence of alcohol would help the poor as well as big business. Lower class people would put more money into savings accounts and productivity would increase among workers (Hanson 27). More importantly the ââ¬Å"n oble experimentâ⬠ââ¬âwas undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solveRead MoreAmeric The Rise Of Organized Crime873 Words à |à 4 PagesProfessor Wilson Writing Composition 2 3/21/16 America: The Rise of Organized Crime The United States of America is no stranger to corruption and extortion. Gang violence, the mafia, murder for pay and the marijuana industry in un-legalized states are a few examples of organized crime that happen in current day America. There are many different forms and types of organized crime today but where did they arise from? The rise and growth of organized crime in America can be attributed to government interventionRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of the Italian Mafia1664 Words à |à 7 PagesCity is comprised has drastically altered the culture in the region; transforming industries with brute force and attracting much public attention. Hollywood focuses on glamorizing the Mafioso lifestyle, distracting from the true nature of organized crime. Over the past decade, the key opportunities have been utilized by the Italian Mafia, resulting in a powerful behind-the-scenes dominance over many aspects we may not expect. Its gonna be a Cosa Nostra. The Honored Society, or Mafia, as it granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-46711620631848663172020-05-05T18:54:00.001-07:002020-05-05T18:54:21.354-07:00Womens Rights Through History free essay sample First, a strong example of womenââ¬â¢s roles in the late 1800ââ¬â¢s is represented in the document ââ¬Å"The Husband Commandmentsâ⬠by H. De Marsan. It gives a fairly accurate portrayal of how men looked down upon women and how they had a very strict lifestyle given by their husbands in order to be the ideal wife that their husband wished for them to be. For example, it states that women should ââ¬Å"Honour Thy Husband and Obey Himâ⬠. Womenââ¬â¢s roles in this time period were very strict and the wives had no room for error. However, an example from the late 1800ââ¬â¢s on what womenââ¬â¢s roles used to be would be from ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠. Which is about effect of confinement on the narrators mental health, and her descent into psychosis, and with nothing to stimulate her, she becomes obsessed by the pattern and color of the wallpaper. It shows that women and men did not have equal parts in relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Rights Through History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The story illustrates the male dominated society and relationship and how it was customary for men to assume that their gender knew what, when, how, and why to do things. For example when the narrator says, ââ¬Å"If a physician of high standing, and ones own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depressiona slight hysterical tendency what is one to do? â⬠(Gilman) Throughout the beginning of the story, the narrator tends to buy into the idea that the man is always right and makes excuses for her feelings and his actions and words. Honesty is one of the most important characteristics a relationship should have. In this case, the narrator feels that she can not tell him how she feels so as not to upset him and make him mad. When the woman does attempt to have a discussion with John, she ends up crying and not being able to express herself. John treats her like a child as men believed that crying is something that women do and is something that shows weakness. The narrator eventually goes against common culture in that era and goes insane. Men thought the feminist movement was weak and useless, while comparatively, men like John thought their wives were weak and useless outside the home. This example shows how lowly men thought of their wives and how many wives were often treated like children. Next, an example of a short story that depicts women in the mid 1900ââ¬â¢s was The Life You Save May Be Your Own by Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connor. In this story the image of women being pure and innocent is emphasized greatly. Oââ¬â¢Connor gives the image that the perfect woman is pure and divine and has very high expectations. There is a lot of religious symbolism in this story making the holiness of women in the mid 1900ââ¬â¢s much higher. Also, occurring in the 1950ââ¬â¢s is the poem by Anne Sexton, Self in 1958. This poem depicts womenââ¬â¢s roles as the perfect ââ¬Ëplastic dollââ¬â¢ expectation. Sexton makes the role of women seem to have to be a perfect role no matter what. It displays the way many relationships tended to be in the 1950ââ¬â¢s. Her relationship with her spouse is one of pretension and not genuine love. She is imprisoned in ââ¬Ësolidââ¬â¢ by their noise. The word ââ¬Ësolidââ¬â¢ denotes lack of flexibility in their relationship and in the womanââ¬Ës life. The ââ¬Ënoiseââ¬â¢ referring to the loud commands from her husband not giving her freedom at all. The woman is living a life that is small and has limited possibilities. Additionally, Raising A Son With Men on the Fringes by Robyn Marks, Is a portrayal of how the average woman is supposed to raise her children and be expected to maintain the expected behavior that women have. It also shows how womenââ¬â¢s roles have changed and that men can be on the ââ¬Ëfringesââ¬â¢ and get away with it. However if the woman in this story wanted to act like the man, it would have been looked down upon and since she was a black woman she was facing many more struggles then a white single mother would. This reveals how women canââ¬â¢t back out of their responsibilities and have more pressure. On the other hand, in the modern day, womenââ¬Ës roles are very superficial and based on the perfect image. An example of this is based on ââ¬Å"Seventeenâ⬠magazineââ¬â¢s January 2009 issue, it displays the perfect figure by a picture of Beyonce. It has big labels saying ââ¬ËPretty Looks for Youââ¬â¢ and ââ¬ËGet Your Best Bodyââ¬â¢. This shows that today in the modern day women are just basically expected to have the perfect body and looks. Another example would be in the magazine ââ¬Å"Mother Baby,â⬠there is always a picture of the mother and baby and very rarely the father is mentioned in these magazines. This portrays the image that women are supposed to be the primary caretaker of children even if they are working. In conclusion, womenââ¬â¢s power, roles and societal expectations have changed since the 1880ââ¬â¢s in some ways but are incredibly same in others. In comparison to the 1880ââ¬â¢s women are still given a ââ¬Ëperfectââ¬â¢ image in media and by others and have high expectations in society to live up to them. Also, their roles as caretaker are still highly enforced and are expected to be the mother and go through the struggles as the mother mostly by herself and the father does not have a caretaker expectation. The thing that has changed is the power women have now compared to then. Women have more power to be a single mother when the man they are with is not a loving man. However, this is a huge deal of work and responsibility for women. Women have the capability that they didnââ¬â¢t have in the 1880ââ¬â¢s to stand up for themselves, work and be individualists. Therefore in conclusion, women still have the same roles and similar societal expectations but their power in society has changed drastically. Matlis granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-72652783441007031552020-04-12T16:01:00.001-07:002020-04-12T16:01:03.561-07:00AMIR IZZAT BIN KAMARUDZAMAN FB15103 Essays - British KnightsAMIR IZZAT BIN KAMARUDZAMAN FB15103 Essays - British Knights AMIR IZZAT BIN KAMARUDZAMAN FB15103 MOVIE REFLECTION 1. Stand up for your rights We can see that the Malayan people have the rights to to govern their own country by their own people and no outside forces should get involve. The people must stand up for their rights against outside forces. From the movie we see that the British Empire wanted to establish Malayan Union that wants to take control over Malaya. Because of this, the people went on strike demanding for the Malayan union not to be formed . 2.Good strategy In order to win a fight, we must have a good strategy. A good strategy makes it eas ier to take down the enemy. In the movie, a good strategy was conducted by the MPAJA where they targeted the plantations first which was the economic bone of the British empirein Malaya. It was a smart idea by the MPAJA because then they wont have resources. 3. To never give up When we are down, we should still go forward and never g ive up .We should not lose hope . When the communist attacked and killed the plantation to disrupt the economy ,the planters and British did not run away but they prepared themselves to fight back by equipping themselves with firearms . 4.United against a common enemy We should always stay united no matter wht race or religion we are because together we are stronger like the Malay phrase 'bersatu kita teguh, bercerai kita roboh'. By being being united we can achieve greater things in life. From the movie, united can be seen when the British decided to work together with the locals to take down the communist threat. 5.B e prepared and educated If we want to achieve something, we need to educate ourselves first. We must prepare ourselves beforehand if things don't go as planned. This we can see when the British wanted to defeat the communist where they are hiding in the jungle but they are slowed down by the thick jungle and not prepared. 6. Psylchological tactics You gain people's trust by using psychological tactics. If you want something from a person , you need to gain his trust. Psychologial tactics can be seen in the movie when General Sir Gerald Templer adopted the "hearts and minds" campaign which ultimately gained the support of the people . 7. Leadership skills are important Leadership is important so that the people have someone to rely on and know what is best for them. Leader holds a big responsibility for an organization ,community ,country etc. Bad leadership skills can be seen when British High Commissioner Sir Edward Gent cannot handle the pressure from the communist on the contrary to the good leadership skills led by General Sir Gerald Templer who did great in helping to defeat the communist. 8. Bravery We should be brave in what we believe in or what we are fighting for. In this movie see the bravery of the communist to fight the British eventhough they are low in numbers. Despite they are in huge disadvantage compared to the British forces ,they still willing to fight them. 9. Language barrier It is important for us to learn other languages also. This will allow us to be able to communicate with other people of different languages thus making it easier to understand each other so there wil be no misunderstanding. From the movie we see that British learn our language and Chinese so that can communicate. 10. Patriotism Everyone must have this patriotism value implemented in ourselves. It is important for us in Malaysia to feel the need to defend and fight for our country. In the movie ,the people wanted to get rid of the communist terrorising the Malayan people so they cooperate with the British to take down the communist and accomplished it . granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-46893473168698756722020-03-10T23:31:00.001-07:002020-03-10T23:31:01.857-07:00Are Computers an Essential Feature of Modern Education Essay ExampleAre Computers an Essential Feature of Modern Education Essay Example Are Computers an Essential Feature of Modern Education Essay Are Computers an Essential Feature of Modern Education Essay Essay Topic: Education With the dawn of the computer era, all aspects of the society have become influenced by technology, including education. A large number of students use computers to work on. Even though it makes our work easier, it can turn out to be a huge distraction due to things like games, social networking sites, watching movies, etc. For example, in my school, students from grade 6 have their own laptops and during the breaks or even after school on the train platforms you will find them playing games on their laptops. I think computers are not really essential for modern education. What is important, is that we know our basics. If we have a strong foundation, we could be better off in the future. Even though jobs today are largely dependent on technology, we can learn how to use computers later on in life or alongside any other work. There are various subjects that can be taught using technology such as computer graphics, programming like C++ and Visual Basic, history (by showing videos), etc. For drama, computers can be used as well to show videos of famous actors in the past. Subjects such as chemistry, biology, art and music are better taught without a computer because these are practical subjects. In conclusion, computers could be used in education but it should be kept to a minimum. If a child gets addicted to computers from a young age, their basics in subjects like maths, for example might not be strong due to the use of calculators. granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-27957781017625486392020-02-23T13:57:00.001-08:002020-02-23T13:57:03.095-08:00Roles, Ethical Considerations, and Effectiveness of the Acute Care Term PaperRoles, Ethical Considerations, and Effectiveness of the Acute Care Nurse Practitioner - Term Paper Example When faced by a problem such as a HIV positive patient wanting the status to remain confidential, the caregiver should consider the effects of such a decision. The caregiver must be sure that withholding such information will not affect other people in the community such as family (Hendrick, 2011). b) Utilitarianismà is an ethical principle that emphasizes on assessing the rightfulness or wrongness of an action by considering the outcome. According to this code, the utility of any action depends on its ability to generate more good or positive outcomes than the negative consequences (Hendrick, 2011). A good example where utilitarianism applies is on the issue of abortion. In some cases complication occur during labour such that the motherââ¬â¢s life is in danger and only the mother or the baby has a chance of surviving. The caregiver should consider the possibility of saving either the mother or the child. If carrying out an abortion can save the motherââ¬â¢s life, then the a ction is justified since the positive consequences are more. Though abortion entails killing, failure to abort the foetus in a case like this will result in death of both mother and baby. Another example that utilitarianism is applied on cases whereby lying can help prevents mishaps. If telling a lie to a patient will help him or her abide to a procedure or medication that is helpful to them, utilitarian considers the action morally right even though it is against the caregiverââ¬â¢s moral obligation of truthfulness (Hendrick, 2011). c) Justice is a principle that entails relevance of fairness and equality when treating patients irrespective of their diversity. The principle insists on even allotment of health care resources. Justice in health care provision implies ignoring aspects such as gender, race, social status just to mention but a few in deciding the ease of access of health services (Boxwell, 2010) However, the factors remain trivial in deciding the form of treatment fo r the patients. For example, a white person and a black person seeking medical attention should be treated equally without favour (Hendrick, 2011) d) Fidelity is an ethical principle that stresses on the need for heath caregivers to remain faithful, loyal, and abiding to their promises. This enables the health professionals uphold the reputation and credibility of the profession. For example, when a medical practitioner gives an appointment to a patient, this principle requires that the practitioner keep the promise (Hendrick, 2011). e) Veracity is a principle that obliges medical practitioners to tell the truth to maintain their own credibility as well as that of the profession. Medical practitioners are required to tell the entire truth to the patients without any omissions, cloaking, or deception. The truthfulness should also be practiced in operations such as documentation as well as billing. For example, a medical practitioner should not lie to patients regarding their health c ondition for whatever reasons (Hendrick, 2011). f) Autonomy is the freedom or liberty to decide on oneââ¬â¢s actions, intentions, or choices based on ones understanding without considering external factors. This principle argues that patients have total sovereignty to choose the course of treatment to be used on them as long as they are adults. However, the patients should first be provided with information that they can understand. The patients are also free to choose granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-78690958315307012020-02-07T06:44:00.001-08:002020-02-07T06:44:03.854-08:00Company Law Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsCompany Law Master - Case Study Example The address of such place will have to be intimated to the Registrar of companies and Madona can find the address of the place from the registrar in case such a regulation has been made in this respect. However Madona should note that under the new provisions "A person seeking access to the register will have to give their name and address and state the purpose for which access is being requested and indicate whether the information will be disclosed. The company can apply to the court for an order that it does not have to comply with the request on the grounds that access is not sought for "a proper purpose"."3 Under the provisions of Section 113 (2) it is necessary for the companies having a share capital to incorporate in the register of members the shares held by each member, with the share numbers if any and also the class of shares where there is more than one class. Hence by the inspection of the register of members of Posh Cars Ltd, Madona may be able to find out the extent of Mr. Cowboy's holdings in the company. Section 353 (1) of the Companies Act 1985 allows the company to maintain the register of members in a place other than the registered office through a notification to this effect. ... However Madona should note that under the new provisions "A person seeking access to the register will have to give their name and address and state the purpose for which access is being requested and indicate whether the information will be disclosed. The company can apply to the court for an order that it does not have to comply with the request on the grounds that access is not sought for "a proper purpose"."3 1.2 Mr. Cowboy's Holdings in Posh Cars Ltd: Under the provisions of Section 113 (2) it is necessary for the companies having a share capital to incorporate in the register of members the shares held by each member, with the share numbers if any and also the class of shares where there is more than one class. Hence by the inspection of the register of members of Posh Cars Ltd, Madona may be able to find out the extent of Mr. Cowboy's holdings in the company. 1.3 Access to Register of Members in the case of a Plc: Section 353 (1) of the Companies Act 1985 allows the company to maintain the register of members in a place other than the registered office through a notification to this effect. However the Registrar will be informed of the address and location of the place where the register of members will be available for inspection. With the proposed amendments in the Companies Act 2006 "persons requesting to inspect or obtain a copy of a company's register will be required to submit a written request to the company, stating their name and address, the purpose for which the information is to be used and whether the information will be disclosed to any other person. It will then be up to the company to decide whether the stated purpose is 'proper' or 'improper' and either fulfil the request within five days or make an granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-27192362864404367032020-01-29T05:42:00.001-08:002020-01-29T05:42:03.575-08:00Apple Customer Based Analysis Essay Example for Free Apple Customer Based Analysis Essay Appleââ¬â¢s brand name has a very highly valued name in society. As an American, it is common for people of all ages and demographics to be a customer of Apple. It is prestigious yet also almost considered the normal in todayââ¬â¢s society to have an Apple iPhone, Apple iPad, Apple iPod, or Apple Macbook. Society values Apple as having a high quality product that consumers can rely on but this also comes at a price. Most customers of Apple are just below the baby boomer generation with users as young as toddlers. Some parents may allow their toddlerââ¬â¢s to use applications on their Ipads for their toddlers to learn and play games. Other demographics include all different races and both males and females. Apple prides themselves with easy to user consumer friendly technological products that people of all ages can use. Normally electronic products are focused towards the males however the Apple products have a significant female customer base as well. Apple products are normally sold in high income countries due to the high cost of the products. Apple products are not necessity products by any means and therefore apple customers have discretionary income to buy luxury goods such as the products that Apple offers. However, a music and video system such as Itunes may be more affordable for some consumers that use computers, phones, and tablets from other companies yet they can still download media from the Apple Itunes company. Middle class families in the U.S. can own Apple products but it may be a luxury item that the household saves for. Apple, as a technology based company naturally attracts customers that are looking for high quality up to date products that fit in with society yet are customizable and satisfy all of their customersââ¬â¢ needs. Appleââ¬â¢s Ituneââ¬â¢s has legal rights to protect their media through patents and other legal rights that protect their electronic products. There is a current lawsuit between Samsung and Apple in which Apple claims that ââ¬Å"the Galaxy S4, Samsungââ¬â¢s flagship smartphone violates five of its patentsâ⬠(Zeman 2013). Therefore, this shows that Apple takes their patent and products very seriously and will follow up with a lawsuit if any of their competitors take any of their legal rights. Apple collaborates with many different companies in order to optimize their services and products including Microsoft. An Apple employee noted that ââ¬Å"the company will now be organized by function- marketing, legal, business development etc.ââ¬âwith more collaboration across divisionsâ⬠regarding Microsoft (Shaer, 2013). Apple also works with companies regarding the development of applications for their Iphone and Ipad products. There are many competitors of Apple such as manufacturers of PCs, tablets, cell phones, computer monitors, TVs, and many other types of electronics. These companies may consider Apple their largest competition but the one disadvantage that Apple has over other products is their higher price for their premium products. Due to the amount of competition it is very important that Apple continues update their products and marketing in order to remain in the market. Apple products can be purchased directly through Apple through the telephone, internet, or in anyone of their own Apple retail stores that are commonly found in shopping malls. The most popular products are also found in department stores, electronic stores, and even certain Apple vending machines. Due to all of the supplier locations, Apple has made it easy and convenient for their customers to access their products, services, and assistance. Stakeholders of the company include the employees, stockholders, and customers. If there is any major change or re-organization of the company the employees will be impacted and this may potential affect the stock prices which will affect the stockholders whom are essentially the owners of the company. The Apple stock at the time this paper is being written is at $502.36 a share which is very high and this truly shows that value that shareholders have for this company. The customers are stakeholders in the company because all of the managerial decisions will trickle down to the product and price. As of January 2013, there were executive changes at Apple that created drama for people in the tech press field. ââ¬Å"The man responsible for much of Appleââ¬â¢s hardware design since 1996, Jonathan Ive is now in charge of design of both software and hardwareâ⬠stated Dan Moren, 2013. The late Steve Jobs was Appleââ¬â¢s chief executive officer that had a major influence on the startup of the company and the success of the company. This became the molding for the companyââ¬â¢s culture today which has been influencing our pop culture for more than a decade. The company continues their innovation and delivers their premium products and assistance to their customers regardless of the organizational changes that have been taking place within the company. References: Zeman, E. (2013). Apple adds samsungs galaxy S4 to lawsuit. Informationweek Online, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/1353775900?accountid=6579 Shaer, M. (2013, Jul 11). With one microsoft, CEO ballmer sees sweeping reorganization of microsoft ranks. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/1399442335?accountid=6579 Moren, D. (2013, 01). Changes at the top. Macworld, 30, 5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/1270547861?accountid=6579 granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-63882967814723582182020-01-21T02:06:00.001-08:002020-01-21T02:06:03.345-08:00Ion :: essays research papers There is a deep sense of realism that lies in the play Ion. The opening of the play arouses an old wrong, the seduction of Creusa by Apollo, which slowly develops into a tangled plot of deceit. The theme of the play is unique in how it is centered on a human dilemma that many can associate with in some way. à à à à à From the beginning, one can only imagine the outcome of Apolloââ¬â¢s seduction of Creusa. To make matters worse she has a child. There is an uncanny feeling of darkness and silence as she is made to keep her lips sealed. It appears that she gave up her son from fear of her parents. Like many young girls today she made a drastic decision in order to conceal her pregnancy. Apollo in this play is given human attributes. He is depicted as a barbarian who truly lacks the goodness of a god. Indeed a critical problem has developed with Apolloââ¬â¢s seduction of Creusa. à à à à à Apollo from the beginning is perceived as a demanding figure. Creusa is seen as the passive figure with no say in her circumstances. How could a mortal expect to make a god care for a child? This is where Euripides attempts to bind the mortals and the gods together. Apollo and Creusa share a common problem, and each makes different decisions in how they will go about solving that problem. à à à à à Immediately after Creusa leaves Ion in the cave, Apollo rescues him. Apolloââ¬â¢s actions are strange in that he goes as far as to catch the soul of the priestess so that she would care for his son but yet refused to give aid to Creusa. As a youth, Ion is appointed as a guard of Apolloââ¬â¢s gold, then an altar attendant and later the chief caretaker. Ion knows nothing of his birth, and asks no questions because of his deep respect for Apollo. He is happy in his service to the gods never knowing the agony that his mother is suffering as she longs for her lost son. It is critical to recognize that throughout the story no one acknowledges Apollo as the agitator of all the problems. Creusa marries Xuthus and they find themselves unable to have children. While she longs to have a child, she can only regret the loss of her son years ago. Because they desire to have children, they go to Delphi to consult the gods. Ion :: essays research papers There is a deep sense of realism that lies in the play Ion. The opening of the play arouses an old wrong, the seduction of Creusa by Apollo, which slowly develops into a tangled plot of deceit. The theme of the play is unique in how it is centered on a human dilemma that many can associate with in some way. à à à à à From the beginning, one can only imagine the outcome of Apolloââ¬â¢s seduction of Creusa. To make matters worse she has a child. There is an uncanny feeling of darkness and silence as she is made to keep her lips sealed. It appears that she gave up her son from fear of her parents. Like many young girls today she made a drastic decision in order to conceal her pregnancy. Apollo in this play is given human attributes. He is depicted as a barbarian who truly lacks the goodness of a god. Indeed a critical problem has developed with Apolloââ¬â¢s seduction of Creusa. à à à à à Apollo from the beginning is perceived as a demanding figure. Creusa is seen as the passive figure with no say in her circumstances. How could a mortal expect to make a god care for a child? This is where Euripides attempts to bind the mortals and the gods together. Apollo and Creusa share a common problem, and each makes different decisions in how they will go about solving that problem. à à à à à Immediately after Creusa leaves Ion in the cave, Apollo rescues him. Apolloââ¬â¢s actions are strange in that he goes as far as to catch the soul of the priestess so that she would care for his son but yet refused to give aid to Creusa. As a youth, Ion is appointed as a guard of Apolloââ¬â¢s gold, then an altar attendant and later the chief caretaker. Ion knows nothing of his birth, and asks no questions because of his deep respect for Apollo. He is happy in his service to the gods never knowing the agony that his mother is suffering as she longs for her lost son. It is critical to recognize that throughout the story no one acknowledges Apollo as the agitator of all the problems. Creusa marries Xuthus and they find themselves unable to have children. While she longs to have a child, she can only regret the loss of her son years ago. Because they desire to have children, they go to Delphi to consult the gods. granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-59404079136942018312020-01-12T22:28:00.001-08:002020-01-12T22:28:04.487-08:00Leadership Management and Administration in Early Childhood Education EssayPart 1 Operating a childcare centre can be a very challenging and rewarding career. Success in this field requires dedication, love and patience. There are a few types of childcare programmes catering to parents who have to leave their children at school and go to work. There is full-day programme, half-day programme and flexi-care programme. For those who do not want their children to be in a school environment for long hours, they have kindergartens and enrichment programmes. The demand for childcare services steadily increases as more and more women enter the workforce, giving up their roles of full-time mothers and house makers. Planning and operating a childcare programme consumes much time and energy thus, it is important that motivations, skills, experience and personality are thoroughly assessed. Early childhood care and education services are under the control of two Ministries in Singapore; Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS) and the Ministry of Education (MOE). MCYS targets the childcare sector, which consists of children from two months to six years whereas MOE concentrates on children aged four to six in a kindergarten setting. Quality has become a priority issue for all concerned with early childhood care and education services. Starting from the premise that quality is a relative and dynamic concept based on values and beliefs. Providing quality education for children ensures that the learning journey and relationships in the early years of their lives have meaningful effects to their future achievements. (ââ¬Å"Singapore pre-school accreditation,â⬠2010) Role of a Supervisor According to SPARK, ââ¬Å"Leaders set the direction and tone for the preschool. â⬠Leaders are a very important aspect in any organisation. Leaders must understand and play important roles; they must use evidence from research to make decisions; and they must work collaboratively. A good leader must have a strong philosophy which will enable her to deliver well. Having a good philosophy enables the leader to plan meaningful goals and objectives for the centre. Supervisors can play a pivotal role in ââ¬Å"reinforcing philosophy in school settings and helping teachers integrate the theoretical frameworks with classroom realities. â⬠(Grossman, 1990, p. 133) Having a good bond with the teachers will ensure that the supervisor has found a good team to work with and should constantly keep renewing the bond with her teachers. This can be done by looking into the teachersââ¬â¢ welfare and giving them benefits from time to time to motivate and encourage the teachers to work consistently. At the same time, the supervisor must set a good example to her team of teachers by practising what she preaches. A good supervisor should also encourage her staff to further their education and when they do, not hesitate to promote them and give them bigger responsibilities. The supervisor should evaluate the quality of the learning environment and the centre as a whole. Catering to Childrenââ¬â¢s Needs It is well documented that racial and ethnic identity, and developing concepts about racial and ethnic diversity are development tasks that begin in early childhood. According to NAEYC(2005), diversity in children, families and colleagues should be respected. Multiracial and multiethnic children not only have identity needs but they are also having difficulties adjusting to our early childhood and school programmes because their unique needs are not being met. For successful implementation of a programme, the supervisor has to look into the diverse backgrounds of the children. According to DAP (2009), ââ¬Å"Development and learning occur in and are influenced by multiple social and cultural contextsâ⬠. The supervisor has to understand that childrenââ¬â¢s development requires viewing each child within the sociocultural context of the childââ¬â¢s family, educational setting, community and the society. The contexts are interrelated thus, they all strongly influence how the child develops. Celebrating different festivals together as a centre and talking about different cultural backgrounds during lessons are a good way to include children from various cultural backgrounds. While implementing a programme, the supervisor might come across children from dysfunctional families. Providing the proper financial assistance to these families is very important. Centre-based Financial Assistance for Childcare (CFAC) can be arranged for children who come from dysfunctional families. This scheme helps eligible families to offset childcare fees of their children every month. The government also gives childcare subsidies to working parents who enrol their children in childcare centres. (MCYS) Parents of children from dysfunctional families might find these two schemes helpful in providing their children with proper early childhood education. This should be taken care of so that every child has an equal opportunity to education and care regardless of their cultural and financial backgrounds. 656 words Part 2 In order for the quality of child care to improve and for childcare services to become more readily available, the administration of childcare programmes must become professional, effective and efficient. The effective preparation of childcare supervisors directly impacts the programme quality and enhances the ability to meet the various challenges facing the field of early childhood education. (Caulfield, 1997) a) Effective Supervision A good supervisor should be prepared not only with a background in early childhood education and teaching but with a working knowledge of management, principles and procedures, marketing and evaluation techniques, public relations, staff training and development, family counselling, community services and public policy. (Catron, & Groves, 1999) The supervisorââ¬â¢s role is more than observing teachers conducting lessons. There are many similarities between good teaching and good leading. A good supervisor does not only develop a programme and worry about enrolments. The supervisor must look into the safety aspects in the childcare centre. Meeting all safety requirements before starting the programme is very essential. This ensures that childrenââ¬â¢s needs are taken into consideration and taken care of. Planning a proper timetable is very important in developing a programme. It allows the whole programme to run systematically and also for smooth transitions in between lessons. Resources and materials should also be distributed evenly among the teachers to avoid lack of resources during planned lessons. The supervisor should also keep track of the resources and materials and replenish them regularly. b) Regulations and Policies In order to set up a childcare programme, license should first be acquired from MCYS. The child care centre has to comply with the standards set out in the Regulations of MCYS. All the pre-requisites stated in setting up a childcare centre should be taken into consideration in order to provide quality care and education. (MCYS, 2011) The type of programme that I am looking into implementing is a full day childcare programme. The centre will be catering to children from two years to six years old. It will be operating five and half days a week. The programme will be conducted from seven oââ¬â¢ clock in the morning to seven oââ¬â¢ clock in the evening. This is to cater to parents who have to leave their children and go to work very early in the morning and for parents who end work late in the evening. On Saturdays, the centre will operate from seven oââ¬â¢ clock in the morning to two oââ¬â¢ clock in the afternoon. This caters to some parents who have to go back to work on weekends. The childcare centre will be open throughout the year except on Sundays and gazetted public holidays. Half-days will be observed on the eve of Christmas, New Year and Chinese New Year. In addition, the centre will be closed for another five and a half days in a year, following the MCYS policies. These regulations and policies of the centre strictly follow the MCYS Childcare Policies as MCYS firmly believes that children should not be cared for in the childcare centre for more than 24 hours continuously. c) Operational Issues How you structure your programme for your centre is another very important aspect to consider. The programme will be the key to your professional success and pleasure. Having a proper Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) will ensure that your programme runs smoothly and effectively. SPARK (2010) will be a good guide to get started with. Spark (2010) focuses on seven criterions. Leadership, Planning and Administration, Staff Management, Resources, Curriculum, Pedagogy and Health, Hygiene and Safety. Reflections should be done on the programme regularly to ensure that children are being delivered with nothing but quality excellence. Opening/Closing Time The opening and closing hours of a childcare centre is a very important period. The supervisor must ensure there is enough staff to open the centre and close the centre. There should be at least one first-aid trained, qualified teacher to open the centre and it is required for the teacher to arrive at least fifteen minutes earlier to do the opening duties and to receive children. The teacher, however, has to remember that parents are only allowed to send their children in at seven oââ¬â¢clock onwards. There should be two teachers doing closing daily. Out of the two teachers, at least one teacher should be first-aid trained. Should the opening/closing teachers be on leave, they are required to find a replacement for their shifts before they go on leave. Should they be on medical leave, they should inform the centre either the day before or by seven-thirty in the morning so that replacements can be found. Staff-Child Ratio Staff-child ratio must be observed at all times as according to MCYS Regulations. (Refer to Appendix 1, pg 10, Table 1) Teachersââ¬â¢ Qualifications Teachers hired in the centre should be trained in Diploma in Early Childhood Care and Education- Teaching (DECCE-T). According to MCYS policy, the programme staff should be certified by MCYS/MOE. Teachers should also have at least two years of teaching experience in a childcare setting, hold a valid first aid certificate recognised by MCYS and certified by MCYS/MOE as a Level 2 Teacher. d) Administrative Procedures School fees are a major part of a programme. All school fees have to be paid via GIRO. Deductions will be made every 5th of each month for fees payable that month. Parents are to ensure that there are sufficient funds in the bank account for deduction on the due date otherwise there will be a $10 administrative fee payable for every unsuccessful GIRO transaction. If they choose to opt out of the GIRO payment scheme, they are required to place a two month deposit upon enrolment. An additional fee of $5 per day will be imposed for late payment after the 5th of each month. All outstanding fees must be cleared before a child is promoted to the next level. e) Quality of Curriculum Integrated curriculum is a form of interdisciplinary approach to teaching and learning that emphasizes on content learning and knowledge acquisition. It incorporates several subject areas such as language and literacy, math, music and movement, creative arts, self awareness, social awareness and motor skills into a curriculum that provides a holistic learning for children. In this curriculum, children apply skills, concepts and processes derived from the total curriculum in the meaningful context of thematic learning. (Erikson, 2001) Teachers are supporters of childrenââ¬â¢s learning. The curriculum should be designed to enable teachers to scaffold and support childrenââ¬â¢s knowledge and understanding and thinking. The curriculum should be designed to aid the childââ¬â¢s intellectual, social, emotional and physical development. (KCG, 2008) f) Documentation of Childrenââ¬â¢s Progress and Portfolios All records should be kept up-to-date and readily accessible. Periodic reports of childrenââ¬â¢s progress, documentation of childrenââ¬â¢s habits, character traits and interests and anecdotal notes of childrenââ¬â¢s behaviours that are significant are all documentation of childrenââ¬â¢s progress. The centre should have a system which evaluates records for completeness, accuracy of contents and timelines of entries at regular intervals. Portfolios are collections of student work representing a selection of performance. A portfolio may be a folder containing a studentââ¬â¢s best work pieces and the studentââ¬â¢s evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the pieces. (Wortham, 2008) Portfolios are usually used as the center-piece of teacher-parent conferences. Portfolios can be used in the intention of motivating students, to promote learning through reflection and self-assessment and to be used in evaluations of students thinking and writing processes. An archival portfolio will be used to document the childrenââ¬â¢s progress from year to year. This portfolio can be useful to the childââ¬â¢s future teachers. It provides useful information about the childââ¬â¢s developmental progress, strengths and weaknesses. (Wortham, 2008) The portfolio should be organized using the developmental area approach. Using this approach, a childââ¬â¢s developmental areas such as physical, cognitive, social-emotional, creative and language and literacy can be assessed. The teacher can use this type of portfolio during parents-teacher conferences to show parents the specific skills that has been prominent and those that need improvement in the child. Using the developmental area approach a studentââ¬â¢s growth and development can be clearly visible as the work collected usually spans throughout a year and observers and parents can clearly see the childââ¬â¢s progression in this. (Benson, & Smith, 1998) A combination of work samples, checklists, observation records and photo documentations have been used to compile this portfolio. Developmental checklists have been used to assess the childââ¬â¢s progress in terms of skills. (Hanson, & Gilkerson, 1999) The checklists used aid in assessing and reporting the childââ¬â¢s progress and development. It also assists in assessing teaching processes. The developmental checklists used in this portfolio are categorized into four domains. They are namely language and literacy, math, social-emotional and physical skills. The assessments done on the child in this portfolio was collected when the child was participating in various types of activities with other children in the class. These kinds of activities allow scaffolding to take place as the child gets assistance from other children or adults. The checklists designed centers towards the objectives that the teacher has set for the child. These objectives are developmentally appropriate according to the childââ¬â¢s age. g) School, Family and Community Partnership Having strong family involvement in childrenââ¬â¢s education are best achieved through family-school and community collaboration. By articulating a common mission and developing proactive ways of strengthening families and schools, parents and teachers can influence childrenââ¬â¢s school success positively. Parents should be encouraged to be involved in their childrenââ¬â¢s school activities as much as possible. Parents can be encouraged by volunteering for centre events like celebrations, excursions and field trips. They can even conduct workshops for children in the centre like speech and drama or art workshops. References Benson, T. R. , & Smith, L. J. (1998). Portfolios in first grade: four teachers learn to use alternative assessment. Early Childhood Education Journal, 25(3), Catron, C. E. , & Groves, M. M. (1999). Teacher to director. Early Childhood Education Journal, 26(3), Caulfield, R. (1997). Professionalism in early care and education. Early Childhood Education Journal, 24(4), Erickson, H. L. (2001). Stirring the head, heart, and soul: Redefining curriculum and instruction. (2nd Ed. ). Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Pr0065c007Axzxz ss Inc. Hanson, M. F. , & Gilkerson, D. (1999). Portfolio assessment: more than abcs and 123s. Early Childhood Education Journal, 27(2), Ministry of Education. (2008). Kindergarten curriculum guide. Singapore Ministry of Education, Pre-school Education Branch. (2010). Singapore pre-school accreditation framework:quality rating scale. Singapore: Ministry of Education. NAEYC. (2009). Developmentally appropriate practices in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. Washington, DC Wortham, S. C. (2008). Assessment in early childhood education (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River: New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-67564751973732819292020-01-04T18:52:00.001-08:002020-01-04T18:52:02.613-08:00Protists Organisms in the Kingdom Protista Protists are organisms in the kingdom Protista. These organisms are eukaryotes, meaning they are made up of single or multiple cells which all contain a nucleus enclosed by a membrane. The protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. Organisms in the Protista kingdom include amoebae, red algae, dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglena, and slime molds. How Protists Are Defined Protists are defined byà how they obtain nutrition and how they move.à Protists are typically divided into three categories, including animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungus-like protists. Protists vary in how they move, which can range from cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia. In other words, protists move by microscopic hair that flaps together, by a long tail that moves back and forth, or by extending its cell body, similar to anà amoeba. Nutritionally,à protists tend to gather energy in a variety of ways. They can either eat food and digest it inside of themselves, or they may digest outside of their bodies by secreting enzymes. Other protists, like algae, perform photosynthesis and absorb energy from sunlight to make glucose. Animal-Like Protists Some protists look like animals and are typically referred to as protozoa. Most of these types of protists are made up of a single cell and are similar to animals in nature because they areà heterotrophs and able to move around. While they are not considered animals themselves, it is often thought that they may be a shared ancestor. Examples of animal-like protists include: Zooflagellates ââ¬â flagellaSarcodines ââ¬â extensions of cytoplasm (pseudopodia)Ciliates ââ¬â ciliaSporozoans Plant-Like Protists There is also a large and diverse group of protists that are plant-like and known as algae. While some are single-celled, others like seaweed have multiple cells. For example, one type of protist in the marine environment isà Irish moss, which is a species of red algae. More plant-like protists include: DinoflagellatesDiatomsEuglenoidsRed algaeGreen algaeBrown algae Fungus-Like Protists Lastly, there are fungus-like protists that are also known as molds. These feed on dying organic matter and look like fungi. The major protists in this family include slime molds and water molds.à Slime molds can be found on rotting logs and compost while water molds are seen in moist soils and surface waters. Examples of fungus-like protists may include: DictyosteliomycotaMyxomycotaLabyrinthulomycotaOomycetes The Benefits to Our World Protists are important to the world in several ways. You may be surprised to learn that chalk is made from the fossil shells of protists, which is helpful in our classrooms and our childrens creativity and play. Additionally, protists produce oxygen which is helpful for the planet. Many protists have a high nutritional value which can help improve illnesses. Protists like protozoa are used in foods like sushi and are good for our water, as protozoa are used to prey on bacteria and help to clean water for us to use. granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-12979404918573067762019-12-27T15:17:00.001-08:002019-12-27T15:17:04.301-08:00Critique of the Hawthorne Experiments Essay - 1510 Words Critique of The Hawthorne Experiments Biography Written by Fritz J. Roethlisberger (1898 ââ¬â 1974), The Hawthorne Experiments, explores the experiments, results and conclusions of studies performed at the Hawthorne Plant of the Western Electric Company. The Hawthorne Effect is the theory that resulted from the studies. Roethlisberger, a key member of the team, joined the team in 1927 and actively participated in the research until 1936, first as Elton Mayoââ¬â¢s assistant and later as his collaborator (Roethlisberger, 2007). Roethlisberger earned a BA in engineering from Columbia University, a BS in engineering administration from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a MA in philosophy from Harvard University (Roethlisberger,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦While researchers kept tons of data regarding this experiment, including the temperature and humidity of the room and the amount of slept each women had the night prior, the physical changes had little change on the productivity (Natemeyer McMahon, 2 001, pp. 32 ââ¬â 34). The experiments at the Hawthorne Plant continued with interviewing the actual employees. These interviews began in 1928 and were the ââ¬Å"first real attempt to get human data and to forge human tools to get themâ⬠(Natemeyer McMahon, 2001, p. 35). In the beginning of the interviewing process, the interviewers found it difficult to not input their feelings, advice, etc into the interviews (Natemeyer McMahon, 2001, p. 35). Over time and with practice: They discovered that sooner or later a person tends to talk about what is uppermost in his mind to a sympathetic and skillful listener. And they become more proficient in interpreting what a person is say or trying to say (Natemeyer McMahon, 2001, p 35). It was the data from these experiments that supported the research of the Harvard team and lead them to conclude that productivity increase when management/supervisors began to pay attention to their employees. In the final set of experiments at the Hawthorne Plant, also described as the Bank Wiring Observation Group (1931-1932), researchers observed a group of employees that represented three occupational groups ââ¬â wiremen, soldermen, and inspectors (Natemeyer McMahon, 2001,Show MoreRelatedHawthorne Studies804 Words à |à 4 PagesPrentice Hall Carey A. (1967) The Hawthorne Studies: A Radical Criticism, American Sociological Review, Vol.32, No.3, Jun. 1967, p.403-416. Clark D (1999) ââ¬Å"Hawthorne Effectâ⬠Retrieved November 20, 2007, Retrieved from http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/hawthorne.html Coutts B, (2003) ââ¬Å"The Hawthorne Experimentsâ⬠Retrived November 25, 2007, Retrived from http://www.hawthorne-academy.org/publication6.html Draper S.W (2006) ââ¬Å"The Hawthorne, Pygmalion, Placebo and other effects ofRead MoreEssay about Hawthorne Studies1529 Words à |à 7 PagesThis essay will review the writings of ââ¬Å"Hawthorne, the myth of the docile worker, and class bias in psychologyâ⬠an article by D. Bramel and R. Friend. It will then go on to further critique academic articles that both support and disagree with the primary source and demonstrate how the Hawthorne studies have influenced contemporary organizations. The Hawthorne experimental studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works has attracted considerable amounts of sharp critical scrutiny; itRead MorePoe Hawthorne949 Words à |à 4 PagesContrast of Poe/ Hawthorne Poe and Hawthorne are the most significant American writers of 19th century. They have their own way of relating to their audiences thatââ¬â¢s varied and similar at the same time. Poeââ¬â¢s writing involves the reader emotionally. Hawthorne on the other hand considers authorââ¬â¢s imagination important and paints a picture based on it. These innovative thoughts and experimentations in language have forever changed what we appreciate in writing. Poe and Hawthorne used variousRead MoreThe Hawthorne Studies On The Development Of Management1397 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Hawthorne Studies were conducted by Elton Mayo with help from his research assistant Fritz Roethlisberger in the mid-1920s along with the works at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company in Chicago, Illinois. These studies were influenced by the principles of scientific management which were introduced by Frederick Taylor in 1911. The studies were to research weather people worked more efficiently when they were working as a group, being treated as special (such as working in a separateRead MoreFrancis Bacon s The Birthmark And Rappaccini s Daughter1910 Words à |à 8 Pagesto warn readers against the dangers of science. One such writer is Nathaniel Hawthorne, Hawthorne uses his stories to warn readers about the dangers of science. Heideggerââ¬â¢s Experiment, The Birthmark and Rappaccini s daughter, all have very tragic endings that can be traced back to science experiments. All three stories focus on very intelligent and driven scientist who try to achieve their goals at any cost. Hawthorne uses these stories as a way to contradict Baconââ¬â¢s view and to state his viewsRead MoreFrancis Bacon s The Birthmark And Rappaccini s Daughter1913 Words à |à 8 Pagesto warn readers against the dangers of science. One such writer is Nathaniel Hawthorne; Hawthorne uses his stories to warn readers about the dangers of science. Heideggerââ¬â¢s Experiment, The Birthmark and Ra ppaccini s Daughter, all have very tragic endings that can be traced back to science experiments. All three stories focus on very intelligent and driven scientist who try to achieve their goals at any cost. Hawthorne uses these stories as a way to contradict Baconââ¬â¢s view and to state his viewsRead MoreHawthorne Effect1192 Words à |à 5 Pagesthat it was up to the managers to analysis tasks at hand to identify whether or not they could be performed more effectively. One of the most criticised and controversial investigations ever undertaken on workplace relations was known as the Hawthorne Effect. These studies were undertaken at the Bell Telephone Western Electric Manufacturing Plant in Chicago. The studies began in 1924 and continued through until the Depression in 1932. The purpose of the studies was to gain an insight on whetherRead MoreThe Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay743 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne In Nathaniel Hawthornes short story The Birthmark, there are many views on the need for science and its advances. Hawthornes protagonist, Aylmer, illustrates his own personal assessment of science. The story is based on the idea that science can solve all of humanities ills and problems. Hawthorne believes that science is overrunning life. Aylmer is consumed by his passion of overtake Mother Nature. The story shows how Aylmers passion leadsRead MoreClassical Organizational Theory, Neoclassical Organization, And Contingency And System Theory1128 Words à |à 5 Pagescontrol. Initially, Taylor was very successful at improving production. His methods for doing this involved getting the most qualified people and securing the best equipment, and then carefully analyzing each component of the production process to critique it for efficiency. By analyzing each task individually, Taylor was able to find the right combinations of factors that yielded large increases in production. While Taylorsà scientific management theoryà proved successful during the beginning of progressionRead MoreThe Biblical Story Of Adam And Eve878 Words à |à 4 PagesRappaccinis Daughter. This being said, it is disappointing that little to no criticisms are found on this topic. Nathanial Hawthorns, Rappaccinis daughter, is an Allusion of Adam and Eve and therefore an allegory. When approached with a readers responds critique, one is reminded of the biblical story of Adam and Eve, the creation of man. The story of Adam and Eve happens in Genesis chapter 2 and 3. Long story short, god made Adam and eve to look after Eden, he told them to never eat from the tree of knowledge granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-31340847346558111382019-12-19T11:06:00.001-08:002019-12-19T11:06:03.929-08:00Heart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad - 2014 Words Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad was born by the name Jozej Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski on Dec. 3, 1857. He was an English novelist and short story writer who wrote many titles to include Lord Jim, Nostromo, and The secret Agent. He was known for his richness of the use of prose and also using his encounters with living on the high seas. His reputation as a great story teller covers up his great fascination when people are faced with natureââ¬â¢s invaraiable unconcern, manââ¬â¢s frequent malevolence, and his inner battle with good and evil. Conradââ¬â¢s father was a poet and a polish patriot who was arrested and sent in to exile in late 1861. Conrad was introduced to English at the young age of eight while listening to his father translate some greatâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦From the outside you would consider it a tale of mystery and adventure taking place in central Africa along the Congo River. Another great thing taken from this book is the symbolic journey into manââ¬â¢s inner bein g containing details of literal and symbolic levels that contribute to the narrative and the interpretations of the meaning of the story. To fully understand this book sit back and let me tell you about the plot. The plot begins with Marlow fresh from Europe who sets sail up the Congo River to relieve Kurtz. Marlow despite never encountering Kurtz admires and respects him through the reputation and the writings he made of civiling the African continent. Marlow from his experiences in Africa with the effects of colonialism and how Kurtz has become a vicious power hungry subjugator of the African natives makes him dislike the man now. The journey forces Marlow to face Kurtz to confront the corruption but also he will be faced by the same temptation. When he meets Kurtz finally he is ravaged by disease, and dissipation and is near death. Kurtz dies and Marlow returns to Belgium where is greeted by Kurtzââ¬â¢s fiancà ©e and tells her many lies. Marlow claimed her name was said durin g the death and withheld the illegal activities that went on. Critics have debated these motives behind the deception saying that it causes an act condescension, granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-26235151348773172762019-12-11T07:49:00.001-08:002019-12-11T07:49:03.859-08:00Use of Social Media in Management Communication of Qantas Airlines Question: Discuss about the Use of Social Media in Management Communication of Qantas Airlines. Answer: Qantas Airlines is an Australian based airline founded on 16th November 1920 in Winston Australia by two Australian Flying Corps officers. It began its operations the following day. Also known as the Flying Kangaroo due to its use of the Kangaroo symbol on all its aircraft, Qantas airlines is the largest airline in Australia. It is also one of the largest airlines in the world with a fleet of 132 as of 2017, serving up to 184 destinations in 42 different countries worldwide. As of May 2016, Qantas Airlines had a majority market share of 65% of the whole Australian aviation industry operating an average of 5300 flights each week. In 2011 Qantas Airlines Government and Corporate Affairs executive Olivia Wirth, faced a communication dilemma emanating from the use of social media that threatened the image of the company. Qantas had sponsored a social media contest requesting the twitter users to describe their luxury inflight experience and giving them an opportunity to win 50 pairs of Q antas first class pajamas and a luxury amenity kit. However, the campaign backfired when the twitter users instead decided to use the opportunity to attack the airline and vent their frustrations. By the following morning, Qantas had more than 10,000 mentions worldwide. Olivia Wirth was therefore faced with the challenge of rescuing the airlines reputation as the pride of Australia by countering the negativity created by the unfortunate social media campaign. It is important that Qantas Airlines consider various actions in future if they are to avoid such disasters happening again. These actions will help them maintain and improve their status as the best and largest airline in Australia and beyond. In order to implement any such actions it is important for the airline to analyze the real causes of the crisis. These include, poor monitoring of feedbacks, negative response, poor timing of publicity and lack of understanding on how to communicate with the public. Poor monitoring of feedbacks. The company failed to continuously monitor what the public is saying about them online hence they had no idea what was waiting when they were launching the social media campaign. In future, Qantas Airlines should use internet monitoring tools such as Social Mention, TweetReach, HootSuite, Brandwatch and many others to find the ongoing conversations about their brand. The fact however is that a company cannot entirely control what is being said about them by the social media users because there will always be negative comments (Michaelodou, et al., 2011). This is due to the inability of any company to fully satisfy everyone. Monitoring of feedbacks will therefore help the company in devising a proper crisis plan should such storm of negativity happen again in the future. Poor timing of publicity. In trying to build positive online publicity, a company should take note of the existence of an offline world too. The social media team failed to give consideration to the sensitivity of the offline matters that had surrounded the company around the time. Firstly, this campaign was undertaken at the heart of an industrial dispute between the airline and three unions, Australian Transport Workers Union, the International Pilots Association and the Australian Licensed Aircraft Engineers Association which had led to halting of services. The airline management had just opted out of negotiating with these unions. It is therefore important that in future the social media team at Qantas Airlines consider other issues surrounding the company before carrying out such campaigns. Lack of understanding on how to communicate with the public. Being able to understand what the public needs in line with your area of business is important in coming up with a better social media strategy. A better publicity idea would have been to promote medium tier level members to upper level. Negative responses. Irrespective of the response by the social media users the companys response must always remain positive (Mangold, 2009). This gives the image that the company is able to positively take public critism and work towards improving them. According to Tim Burrowes, founder and content director at Mumbrella, an online discussion platform about Australias media and marketing, he could not reach the Qantas communication team for comment after the controversial tweet. Social media has been around for more than twenty years now. However, it is only recently that various businesses have begun to recognize the importance of social media in their growth. Currently, almost all companies are using it to further supplement their marketing activities especially when targeting the younger generations that spend a lot of time in the social media. While it has proved positive to many some have ended up destroying their business by poorly timed social media campaigns (Kietzmann, et al., 2011). The following factors should be considered if a company want to successfully use the social media to grow their business; Target group. The company should know the group they are targeting with their social media adverts to understand their needs. For example the needs of an organization in choosing an airline for their employees are different from those of individuals wanting leisure travel (Kaplan Haenlein, 2010). Before adopting the use of social media, the company must set out the objectives they wish to achieve (Hanna, et al., 2011). Because it involves use of resources such as time, money and manpower, the objectives will act as guidance in measuring its success. Companies should ensure their social media messages are consistent in order to create an identity in the consumers mind (De Vries, et al.,2012) Use of imagery. Relevant images create a lasting impression in the minds of the consumers hence should be employed widely (Safco, 2010). Social media message should be accompanied with images that describe them. For instant, Qantas Airlines could do with beautiful images of the pajamas to accompany their twitter challenge. Show interest and participate in the discussion. The companys social media team should be available to reply to comments. This makes the potential customers feel valued. It also make the potential buyers get more information like prices of the products they wish to buy (Ellison, 2007). Communication Plan Template Timing The airline should choose a working day to communicate with the public. They should also ensure that there is no current negative issue relating to the operations of the company. Audience The audience should be individuals, businesses and government agencies Sender The airlines communications team should be the sender. However, production of the message should involve the Public Relations and the Marketing team. The marketing team is responsible for creating the substance to be marketed to the public while the PR team will package the message to be attractive to the public. Key Message The key message contained in the media campaign should be that the airline values its customers hence needs their feedback while at the same time rewarding them for their time. Desired Outcomes The desired out comes are; Increased recognition of the airline Increased customer loyalty hence higher profits The company will get views of the public which they can act on to improve their services in the future. Medium Social media sites is the best way of reaching younger customers. Use of other sources such as television adverts and print media such as newspapers is also important. Further, the airline can use telephone calls and email messages to communicate to their regular customers. Materials Unnecessary and irrelevant information should be left out. Frequency Qantas should communicate with its customers as often as possible to help them understand the current public perception. Their social media pages like Facebook and Twitter should remain active at all times. References Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,13(1), 210-230. De Vries, L., Gensler, S., Leeflang, P. S. (2012). Popularity of brand posts on brand fan pages: An investigation of the effects of social media marketing.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(2), 83-91. Hanna, R., Rohm, A., Crittenden, V. L. (2011). Were all connected: The power of the social media ecosystem.Business horizons,54(3), 265-273. Kaplan, A. M., Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media.Business horizons,53(1), 59-68. Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media.Business horizons,54(3), 241-251. Mangold, W. G., Faulds, D. J. (2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix.Business horizons,52(4), 357-365. Michaelidou, N., Siamagka, N. T., Christodoulides, G. (2011). Usage, barriers and measurement of social media marketing: An exploratory investigation of small and medium B2B brands.Industrial marketing management,40(7), 1153-1159. Safko, L. (2010).The social media bible: tactics, tools, and strategies for business success. John Wiley Sons. granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-82760182664470285022019-12-03T19:30:00.001-08:002019-12-03T19:30:05.832-08:00Subjectivity and Gaze in Jane Eyre free essay sample She found it in Jane Eyre, the story, the character, the protagonist, the heroine, the symbolism of female empowerment and one of the important literary character that has given power and significance to a previously marginalized and oppressed demography: women. Jane Eyre has been commended, applauded and re-read and reprinted for many years. Yet, the lasting charisma and relevance of the issues that Jane Eyre tackled and addressed was enough to guarantee that she will never be an anachronism in any life and era. Subjectivity and gaze are very important in defining the true essence of the significance and importance of the story.This is where one can find the reasons as to why it affects and appeals to the people in ways that allows it to be relevant, timeless and connected to socio-cultural issues. These two aspects are the main and focal points and areas of discussion and exploration to effectively dissect the literary merit of the novel Jane Eyre when it comes to subjectivity and gaze, in particular. We will write a custom essay sample on Subjectivity and Gaze in Jane Eyre or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. Jane Eyre In the many different novels and stories written in many different eras that managed to have the lasting appeal, Charlotte Bronte is responsible for the one of the novels that strongly touched the issues of women empowerment.She has been instrumental in evoking the consciousness in the pursuit of defining and even re-defining women empowerment, social equality, gender roles in the society and the significance of the life of women. Bronte will always be remembered by the literary world and the rest of the world as the woman who gave life and penned the story Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre was a story considered as the autobiography of a woman who spoke with power and without reservation, regardless of whether or not she is conforming to the norms.It is regardless whether she is poised to contribute significantly to the changing of the status quo and the tilting of the planes where men and women stood on polar position, originally predefined and pre-ordained by the previously strongly dominant male. Jane Eyre has the making of a story that will evoke strong emotions about women. She was a warrior and a survivor. She was a minority marginalized by the society and was shackled by tradition, practices and institutions designed to reflect bias against women. Jane Eyre, above everything else was heroine. As a story, it inspired women.As a character, Jane Eyre created the prototype of the woman that every other female aspired to be. Above all her strength, one stood out that is admired and envied by all: her ability to speak out, to say what she has to say about a life that has been supremely challenging and emotionally unnerving to the weak. Jane Eyre is a story of a womans journey in life, how she saw it, how she defined it, how she recorded it in her memory, without consideration to the natural editing tendencies of the society she lived in. Because of these aspects, Jane Eyre was loved, as a character and as a story.Literary analysts and critics saw it fitting to delve more through the pages of Jane Eyre so that they could further understand what the author and the character was trying to say, and do so more coherently. 2. Jane Eyre and the Gaze The analysis of the gaze in any literature always brings about the analysis and discussion of gender roles and structures in the society as represented in literary content and style. In gaze, one of the major components of the discussion and debate during literary analysis and criticism is the supposed power and dominance of male and the subjugation of the female and her perspective in narrative storytelling.It is being broken by the surfacing of authors and stories that challenge the traditional superior roles and places of men by putting forward stories which, in turn, empowers women and allows them to stand shoulder to shoulder with men. Because of its importance, the gaze is often part of the feminist literary analysis. According to Warhol and Herndl, Jane Eyre and Charlotte Bronte are evidences the idea that ââ¬Å"the gaze holds powerful potential for a feminist poetics of the novelâ⬠(Warhol, Herndl 429).Bronte and Jane Eyre are important integral entities in the continued development of this pursuit. Jane Eyre as an individual has been an object of the gaze. According to literary analysts and critics like Sally Shuttleworth in her book ââ¬Å"Charlotte Bronte and Victorian Psychologyâ⬠, Eyre was able to use this particular gaze. This includes the condition wherein she is being viewed and seen by the society and is being observed ââ¬â as a catapult towards achieving a sense of self awareness in the long run which will empower her (Shuttleworth 39).The power and control present in Jane Eyre as a story and as a character become more definitive when Jane Eyre displays the ability to change the oppressive gaze and use it to improve and empower herself. Jane Eyre develops a new consciousness that allows her to create a form of resistance towards traditional control forms and sources. ââ¬Å"She comes to self-conscious awareness only through her sense of self as an object to an external eye, whose gaze she must nonetheless baffle if she is to retain integrity of selfhoodâ⬠(Shuttleworth 39). 2. 1 Foucault, Gaze and Jane EyreMich el Foucault was one of the individuals who created the concept of the gaze which can be used for literary analysis, particularly for the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. According to Foucault, the gaze pertains to the ability of the individual to look past the superficial exterior covering to discover the underlying truth. This ability is something that is lifted from the exercise of observation (Shawver 15) of the subject of analysis. As how doctors would observe their patients to know the underlying truth in their health condition, so does the literary critic by observing a particular literature to reveal its underlying truth.This kind of gaze, which Shuttleworth also discussed via her idea of the penetrating gaze, is something that is believed to be present in Jane Eyre and in Brontes writings in general (Shuttleworth 39). Similar to the idea of Foucault (and taking also some key components in the idea of Bichat), Shuttleworth goes on to explain that the penetrating gaze is actually an effort to look at what is happening underneath the superficial bodily covering of the physical self as how physiologist will answer the query on physical health t ranscending the superficial and physical.It breaks apart and exposes ââ¬Å"the opaque envelopes that cover our parts are no more for their practiced eyes than a transparent veil revealing the whole and the relationship between the partsâ⬠(Shuttleworth 39). The question now is, what is the underlying truth discovered in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre through the use of the gaze? 2. 2 Jane Eyre and the Returned Gaze Literary analysts and critics believe that one of the characteristics of Jane Eyre when it comes to the aspect of gaze is the novels featuring which is what E.Ann Kaplan refers to as the ââ¬Å"returned gazeâ⬠(Kaplan 40). It was named as such because it was the person objectified in the past via the view of the ruling class who is now providing the perspective from which life is seen. This includes the life of the oppressors and former ruling group subjugating the oppressed. The returned gaze is the opposite of the imperial gaze. The imperial gaze defines the lives of those oppressed by the oppressor, based on the oppressors own perspective. It is a case of a superior entity defining the condition of those who are inferior to him or her. In the case of Jane Eyre, she is the person who is oppressed, not the oppressor. The novel allows her to narrate to the audience the condition of her life as well as the condition of the lives of her oppressor from her own point of view, which is an important and admirable characteristic in a novel. The oppressed is seen here as a character who is empowered nonetheless to define her or his life as how the person deems and perceives it to be, and is not dictated by the influence and power of the oppressor which is often the case in many literary materials.The returned gaze is important because it allows the individual freedom and autonomy to see themselves from a personal perspective. This is contrary to the restrictive and dictatorial imperial gaze, wherein the oppressed express, perceive and define their conditions based on how the oppressor sees it to be. The presence of the returned gaze in the novel Jane Eyre is yet another admirable mark in the novel especially from a feminist p oint of view because of its implications ââ¬â not just literary implications but also social implications.More than being able to present ones life as an oppressed individual based on the own perspective of the oppressed, the individual is actually challenging the act of oppression, both in society and in literature (Waugh 514). ââ¬Å"Returning the gaze of the oppressors can thus be seen as a challenge to oppression, a claim of equalityâ⬠(Waugh 514). For most of her life, Jane Eyre was the one oppressed. This is seen in the life of Jane Eyre from childhood to adulthood. While with the Reeds and during her life at Gateshead, Jane was oppressed and abused by her aunt and her cousins.During her education at Lowood School, Jane was again the target of oppression among many of the students, teachers and school administrators. When she became a governess at Thornfield Manor, the actions of Mr. Rochester (i. e. his lying about his wife) and the actions of his wife towards Jane Eyre are again clear signs of oppression. When she fell to poverty after leaving Thornfield Manor, she was also subjected to the oppression of the society. The storytellings returned gaze characteristic, then, is a powerful symbol that alludes to women empowerment.Like Jane Eyre, women are attacked and oppressed in many different ways by many different entities (men, society, institutions, etc. ). The growing power of women lies in many things that are now endowed to her. This includes the ability to tell the world about her own life, how she is oppressed, and how her perspective is nonetheless without the influence, control and dictation of the powerful and traditional external forces oppressing and trying to control the woman. Jane Eyres tone of narration is proof of the existence of the returned gaze.She sees the condition based on her own perspective. She defines what is happening to her and her life not on how the oppressors of her life would see it, but how she sees it. She talks about her own oppressors based on her own condition and not on the condition of her oppressors. The ability of the returned gaze breaks down every restriction and prohibition that oppressors might have put up to refrain the oppressed from speaking what they truly think and feel. In Jane Eyre, Jane is not just candid but is also powerful, critical and unrestrained in her presentation of the narrative of her life. This understanding and explanation of the presence and power of gaze in Jane Eyre and in Charlotte Bronte is something that is galvanized by the ideas of other writers working on literary analysis and criticism of the gaze and involving Charlotte Brontes work and her other literary creations. In the book ââ¬Å"Feminisms: an Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticismâ⬠, the authors explain that the presence of gaze in Jane Eyre is not merely the providing of the opportunity for woman to challenge men and male perspective.More importantly, this gaze as it is present in Jane Eyre, is something more powerful. It is a chance to destroy previously socially established gender-based status quo and the resulting conditions dictated by such state in the society involving the places and roles, powers and responsibilities of the male and female character (Warhol, Herndl 429). Through the uncurtailed, unrestricted, unhampered voice of Jane Eyre, Warhol and Herndl believe that Bronte and her writings including Jane Eyre reflect ââ¬Å"envisioning the possibility of disrupting the politics of gazeâ⬠(Warhol, Herndl 429).Furthermore, Brontes writing and the novel Jane Eyre are both testament to the idea about gaze and the importance of the presence of such characteristic in this narrative story telling. Jane Eyre is ââ¬Å"not a simple inversion in which the woman is permitted to turn the tables with an appropriating look back but a destruction of the hierarchical positioning of male and female that the gendered gaze entailsâ⬠(Warhol, Herndl 429). Writer Anthony Channell Hilfer explains that this kind of oppressive action by the oppressor (commonly the male or the institutions and groups in the society influenced directly or indirectly by men) on the oppressed through the form of the gaze is something that many individuals have talked and written about, developed and created (Hilfer 15). This includes the likes of Jean-Paul Sartre and Michel Foucault, who, according to Hilfer, explained that gaze is a ââ¬Å"more efficient form of tyranny than more overt forms of violenceâ⬠(Hilfer 15).It is no wonder then that feminist readers and literary analysts supportive of womens rights and equalities across gender celebrate Jane Eyre and its own characteristic of the gaze, especially the returned gaze. It has become a tool to fight a tyrannical oppression by men inside a patriarchal and male controlled society, in fiction and in real life. The use of the returned gaze in Jane Eyre is fitting considering the character, what she has gone through and her actions and what it represents especially in the fight for equality by women and feminist advocacy groups. Jane Eyre fought the many types of oppressors in her story and in her life.The manner by which she talks about it only strengthens this kind of power that Jane Eyre as a story and as a character possesses. Critics and literary analysts do not claim the authority to know but instead explore the more important query on this matter. ââ¬Å"What kind of subjectivity did Charlotte Bronte construct for Jane Eyre? â⬠(Gunter, Wagener 10). It seems easy to dispense of answers but it does not mean they are accurate and correct. As with the case of Jane Eyre, subjectivity, particularly female subjectivity in the story and in the character is something that remains to be investigated.The investigation should be undertaken by individuals detached from any emotional string involved in this text. This has been done so that the feminist bias is avoided and a clearer and more organized set of ideas regarding female subjectivity can be created and presented to the public. 3. Jane Eyre and Subjectivity 3. 1 Subjectivity as Jane Eyres Strength Many critics and literary analysts commend the subjectivity, particularly female subjectivity, in Jane Eyre, in the belief that this is one of the most important characteristics of the novel itself.This is one of the characteristics responsible for making this Victorian-era novel timeless and well applauded among literary critics and analysts and the ordinary reader alike. Knies, for example, describes the subjectivity in Jane Eyre as intense and powerful. The narrator speaking in first person is empowered with such freedom to freely talk about her life in a way that is unencumbered by the restrictions and limitations created by other approaches, say third person ominous (Knies 546). The use of the first person perspective sets the tone and anticipation for female subjectivity via the story telling of Jane Eyre.The author allowed the narrator blanket autonomy to talk and speak as she sees, feels and deems things to be, and as a character that is intense, her subjectivity on the aspects of her life as she saw it was characterized by the same high degree of intensity as she speaks about it. This, in turn, gives the novel one of its strong characteristics. Knies, in his journal article, notes how ââ¬Å"Walter Allen described Jane Eyre as a novel containing intense subjectivity and how this is the novels strengthâ⬠(Knies 546).The presence of and voicing out of female subjectivity side by side, the importance of female subjectivity in feminist readings and criticism is one of the solid take-off points that Jane Eyre used to capture the attention and admiration of many readers, particularly female readers. Here, literary analysts and critics explain that the reader easily appreciates and relates to the fact that female subjectivity was used in the story to create and develop the female character that the readers have come to know and love in Jane Eyre the film and Jane Eyre as the empowered character herself. The main theme is thus the development of a central narrative voice, as the character, Jane Eyre, learns a use of language, while spinning the tale of her life and locating her identity and subjectivity within that narrativeâ⬠(Azim 174). Other writers and analysts or literary critics made related observations and input when it comes to this aspect of the novel. For example, Lessard added a dimension in the discussion of the female subjectivity in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre and the growing appreciation for the value of and discussion of female subjectivity in this particular story (Lessard 331). This is considering how Jane Eyre and the narrative form her recollection of her life in this self confessed autobiographical work. All of these point to the subjectivity of Jane and the female subjectivity, in general. It has caught the attention not just of literary critics and analysts but even masters and musicologists who ventured in this realm and sought to interpret it in operatic music, in the hope of highlighting female subjectivity in the story.Its analysis provides answers to questions pertaining to the same query on female subjectivity (Lessard 331). The real question is how the novel displays the subjective female as how Jane Eyre is perceived by many who criticized and analysed this literary work through many different timelines. It is affected by the socio-cultural movements happening vis-a-vis the viewing and reviewing of Jane Eyre, its contents and its implications (i. e. for example in relation to the changes in feminist movement, lesbian rights and women empowerment, etc).Amigoni explains that the female subjectivity of Jane in the story is affected by many different conditions and reflects in many different ways (and how the two are connected together). He explained that the female subjectivity is affected by social expectations (Amigoni 63). The reader wants Jane Eyre to be the candid narrator of her life. And yet, part of the reader expects Jane Eyre to be artistic about it, to be detailed about it, and in some respect, to follow certain traditional forms of personal autobiographical narrative.Brontes response to these impending expectations of the readers is the diversification of the character of Jane Eyre, someone who ââ¬Å"juggles between genres in telling her storyâ⬠(Amigoni 63). Jane Eyre immediately establishes her subjectivity or female subjectivity in this narrative by explaining to the reader that the story is a recollection of memories she can retrieve. Thus, her story is subject to the limits as well as extent of her own memory and capacity for retrieving such episodes in her life which in turn impacts her subjectivity in the entire story.In the long run, the female subjectivity to which Jane Eyre is being viewed with, is displaced in many different components to the autobiographer self, to the heroine self and to the objectified character. ââ¬Å"We call for Jane to be less of an autobiographer, more of a novelistic narrator, and character, and heroineâ⬠(Amigoni 63). This discussion of Amigoni in the characters that Jane Eyre struggled to balance all throughout the story was a preparation and introduction to the true perspective of Amigoni regarding the female subjectivity in the novel.In this topic, Amigoni believes that the constant characteristic of the female subjectivity of Jane Eyre is found in its shifting form (Amigoni 63). The female subjectivity shifts depending on the shift in the tone and storytelling, dependin g on what Jane Eyre wears at a specific time and discussion somewhere in the story. Her being subjective as a female character is not compartmentalized on a scene per scene basis but is changing, shifting, evolving from one state of life to the next. This is to consider how the experiences in her life during that stage impacts and affects her subjectivity. The point that we can make here is that Janes subjectivity is being constructed and reconstructed as the narrative shifts from one focus of spatial attention to the next. She uses these experiences so that she can create a mindset that helps her justify her actions and create a rationale to explain how and why things happened as they did in her life, affecting her subjectivity. 3. 2 Childhood as Roots to Subjectivity Some of the literary critics and analysts studying Jane Eyre believes that this novel speaks about a particular natural characteristic of the subjectivity. Subjectivity in adult life is strongly connected with subjectivity as well as experiences in childhood.As a Bildungsroman novel that allows the reader to travel with Jane Eyre from her early childhood years to adulthood, the reader is also allowed to see the experiences of Jane Eyre as a child. These experiences became important considerations to the formation of Jane Eyres own subjectivity in her later, adult life. 3. 3 Criticisms As expected in literary criticism, the concept of female subjectivity and its presence in Jane Eyre and subjectivity as one of the novels strongest and most important characteristics are challenged by those who believe otherwise.Kaplan who wrote a criticism regarding subjectivity and Jane Eyre, believed that such subjectivity is not reflective in Jane Eyre (Kaplan 40). This novel, actually, is a futile attempt to delve into the psyche of the poor female character and bring about her own subjectivity on the issues affecting her life. The author and the novel appear to be out of touch with the true reality of the subjectivity of the poor as how Jane Eyre was perceived by some to be. This is in consideration to Jane Eyre and her financial and personal background as an orphaned, penniless individual who struggled for most of her life. Kaplans assessment with regards to the subjectivity in the novel is scathing and powerful. Her accusations blunt are yet sharp and straightforward. She calls the novel ââ¬Å"bourgeoisâ⬠and its content bereft of any subjectivity, lacking actual insight in the mind frame of the true poor, struggling, oppressed, marginalized woman like Jane Eyre (Kaplan 40). ââ¬Å"Nineteenth-century bourgeois novels like Jane Eyre tell us almost nothing about the self-defined subjectivity of the poor, male or female.For, although they are rich sources for the construction of dominant definitions of the inner lives of the working classes, they cannot tell us anything about how even these ideological inscriptions were lived by themâ⬠(Kaplan 40). There are also other possible criticisms that can be put forward especially with regards to the celebration of the female subjective in the story Jane Eyre. For one, the critical praise showered towards Jane Eyre as a character and as a story is high ly questionable in some instances and cases considering the implication of the social condition that gave power to Jane Eyre. Pro-feminist literary analysts dance around Jane Eyre as if it was a deity or something god-send that fuels the fire of women empowerment. It is one thing to accept that the society has indeed controlled, subjugated and silenced women, but it is an entirely different issue for women to pick up anything and translate it as a heroine text. With cynicism and scepticism, it is easy to see that those who hail the triumph of Jane Eyre are not actually basing it on literary merit.They try (albeit sometimes, in vain) to find something in Jane Eyre as well as in other texts and literary materials for things that they can use to inspire female and feminine power. This includes the praising of female subjectivity in Jane Eyre. In fact, similar to the earlier discussion on the lack of subjectivity of Jane Eyre especially on the life of the poor, people are misleading and misreading Jane Eyre for their own purposes and to satisfy their own need. Sometimes, it goes even to the extent of and expens e of feigning literary merit and recognition when none exists in the first place. As Azim has pointed out, the other face of Jane Eyre criticism especially on subjectivity is all about misreading Jane Eyre and misinterpreting it to extract whatever fake literary value they can conjure and use to convince the people about the greatness of Jane Eyre, say, on female subjectivity (Azim 172). ââ¬Å"Women feminist and non-feminist alike have read and re-read Jane Eyre to celebrate it as a text where the female author, the female protagonist and the female reader are joined together in sisterly harmony and recognitionâ⬠(Azim 172).The other question that needs to be answered in criticism and literary analysis, is the exploration of the possibility that maybe there is actually nothing more into it than that. The author, the character, the story and the readers are all intertwined and connected because of the similar desires, agendas and purposes one serves for the other. There is actually no real literary merit for discourse, like on female subjectivity. Other cri tics, who do not easily buy into the idea of Jane Eyres greatness as a story and a character, look at other flaws besides the spirit of sorority among women and feminist patrons supporting this text.There are those who believe that the process of literary analysis and merit discussion regarding aspects like the true value of female subjectivity and its real presence and essence in Jane Eyre is somewhat affected by the ââ¬Å"rush to reclaim Jane Eyre as the heroine of a feminist novelâ⬠(Gunter, Wagener 10). Thus, it compromised a significant part of the analysis. Attacking the real value of the female subjectivity in Jane Eyre and the idea that Jane Eyre as a character represents the position of women as narrating life and the world as she sees it free from the shackles of social and patriarchal influence and control.It can be disputed and easily a point of argument with no clear cut victory for either side. It is questionable whether Jane Eyres female subjectivity and her concept of representing autonomy and freedom via her story is actually applicable when in fact, everyone ââ¬â normal and deviant ââ¬â merely react to the expectations and behavior modification styles of the society. Jane Eyres subjectivity and even her defiance of the imperial male gaze are actually just one of the many ways individuals respond to the design of society.In the end, there is no autonomy or freedom represented and subjectivity was merely misread and misinterpreted for the readers own convenience and use. ââ¬Å"Theoreticians point out that there is no autonomous and transcendent I that is not marked by social codingâ⬠(Gunter, Wagener 10). Conclusion Jane Eyre is one of the novels that has been identified by critics when it comes to dissecting the use of and presence of subjectivity as well as gaze. This is because author Charlotte Bronte was skilled enough and was equipped with literary knowledge, skills set and competence to guarantee that her story has that important and significant aspect.Subjectivity has been an important focus in the debate and discussion regarding analysis of literary content, as important as the discussion of gaze. These are seen in Jane Eyre because of the manner by which the character relates to the reader; by the quality of the tone of her narrative; by the things she focused on and the things she ignored; by the very fibre of her life spread in every letter of ever word in every page to which the readers hang on dearly.Fitting enough, the concept of subjectivity and the female subjectivity in Jane Eyre is not always meant with universal agreement since there are those who see differently. As for gaze, the inspection of the story reveals the presence of a variety of gaze, including the returned gaze and imperial gaze and the penetrating gaze, among others. Readers are invited to read more, to see more. Jane Eyre herself is looking more and more inside her life as her narrative progresses, while many women stood by her side and saw what she saw, understood what she meant and sympathized with her emotions. granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-120970729058293652019-11-27T18:25:00.001-08:002019-11-27T18:25:04.128-08:00How the Recent Economic Downturn Affected the Marks Spencer Strategy Introduction Marks and Spencer is U.K company retail and has its headquarters in the City of Westminster. This company has more than 700 stores within the U.K and more than 300 stores in more than 40 countries across the world (Amel, 2009). The company engages in the selling of food products as well as clothing products.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How the Recent Economic Downturn Affected the Marks Spencer Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the year 1998, Marks and Spencer turned out to be the first U.K retailer to realize a profit of more than one billion pounds. However, a few years that followed, this company experienced a big crisis that persisted for a number of years. Following the crisis, this company has been in continual realignment of the management (Alon, 2000). The company gained back its market share in the clothing sector and these followed the measures that were taken by th e company during the 2004/2005 financial year (Amel, 2009). However, this achievement did not last for long because it was soon hit by the recent economic downturn (Amel, 2009). The argument in this paper is going to be that, during the recent economic downturn, Marks and Spencer failed to put appropriate strategies in place which made them to lose customers to the competitors; as a strategy, they engaged in cutting down prices but failed to meet the changing customer demands and needs and this is what made them to lose customers to the competitors. To support this argument, I am going to review the available literature concerning Marks and Spencer in relation to their strategy and the recent economic downturn and this will be followed with a discussion. Later, I will give a conclusion and some recommendations about the appropriate measures that need to be taken by the company. Literature Review Marks and Spencer Company has been in business for over a century has strived to be succ essful in its operations. The company began as a stall in the year 1884. It was Michael Marks that started it and it was located in Leads market. Alon points out that ââ¬Å"the company stressed value and low price as a hallmark for developmentâ⬠(Alon, 2000). By the year 1901, this business organization was able to acquire 35 outlets and also a new partner at that time by the name Tom Spencer. By mid 1900s, the entire stores of the company products were majorly given a private label which was ââ¬Å"St. Michaelâ⬠made by the British suppliers (De Nardia-Cole, 1998).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For several years, the mission of Marks and Spencer has been ââ¬Å"to offer consumers quality, value and serviceâ⬠(Alon, 2000). The confidence of the company lay upon some operating principles in order to achieve the mission set. One of the principles was to develop long-term relationships between the company and its suppliers. Another principle was to provide value ââ¬Å"through a narrow merchandise selection at affordable pricesâ⬠(Alon, 2000). The third principle was to support the local industry. The fourth one was to promote from within (The Economist 1998, p.68). The companyââ¬â¢s fifth and last principle was to make use of a single brand name ââ¬Å"St. Michaelâ⬠for a larger number of the companyââ¬â¢s products (Jardin, 1999). These principles have enabled the company to achieve the support of the U.K producers, as well as the workers and consumers in the U.K. As pointed out in The Economist, ââ¬Å"the sixth largest employer in the British manufacturing, the textile industry, with more than 354, 000 workers, owes a large part of its existence to Marks and Spencerâ⬠(The Economist 1998, p.57). The company has given encouragement to manufacturers of textile products in the U.K. to keep their factories in the country (Buxton,1999). This has resulted in an improved check on the level of quality as well as increased flexibility in manufacturing and also in the distribution of products. A description of this company was given by one British writer as ââ¬Å"quintessential British institution, woven in the fabric of our national life, as firmly lodged in our psyches as furniture in the front roomâ⬠(Financial Times 1999, p.10). The ââ¬Å"Five Forcesâ⬠Framework Marks and Spencer experiences the five forces in the U.K market at different levels which include; threat of new entry, the buyer power, the supplier power, the treats of substitutes and the competitive rivalry (Amel, 2009). These forces affect Marks and Spencer in a number of ways. Considering the threat of entry, the Marks and Spencer Company has a strong brand name and is well established in the market. This may make it difficult for new firms entering the market. But in considering the clothing sector, the company may not be experiencing strong customer loyalty. Looking at the power of the buyers, this is high. The customers are offered with discounts in the supermarkets and they are also offered with online clothing websites. Following this, the buying power of the companyââ¬â¢s customers has been made to become higher.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How the Recent Economic Downturn Affected the Marks Spencer Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering the supplier power, the Marks and Spencer Company is taking measures to respond to the consumer trends; the company is opening up to foreign suppliers in order to broaden the range of suppliers that are there (Amel, 2009). In this market, there is high level of threats for substitutes. For instance, the large competitor in the market, Tesco, has taken measures to segment their offers to the customers in order to sufficiently match the various profil es of the customers in the food segment. On the other hand, in the clothing segment, some of the retailers are offering high quality products at lower prices to the customers than Marks and Spencer. Looking at the competitive rivalry, Marks and Spencer operates in a very competitive market place. The major competitors include Tesco, Next and John Lewis. These retailers have been able, on several occasions, able to adjust their products and offers in time before Marks and Spencer could take appropriate measures (Amel, 2009). The Economic downturn and the Marks Spencer Company in the U.K Market There has been shrinking of the economy of the U.K for the six quarters which followed each other for the first time beginning from the 1950s, a time when the records began. The gross domestic product, which represents the value of goods as well as services produced within the country from all the sectors, ââ¬Å"captures the state of the economy in one numberâ⬠(Amel, 2009). The official figures indicated that the U.Kââ¬â¢s GDP as per the year 2009, between the month of July and September, was contracting at the rate of 0.3 percent, a figure that was below the one projected which was 0.4 percent (Amel, 2009). The important role that the services sector plays in the U.K economy offers a background explanation for this decline. It is true that, the companies in the service sector, which generally account for about 76 percent of the countryââ¬â¢s economy, were the most affected (Amel, 2009). A number of factors which include increasing unemployment levels, credit tightness, and falling housing prices have had a great impact on the consumer spending and confidence. In addition, it is point out by the analysts that ââ¬Å"the inflation rate in the U.K jumped from a five-year low to 1.5 percent in the month of October, the year 2009â⬠(Amel, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the weakening of the pound served as an attraction of the tourism business. Indication has been given by consumer research that ââ¬Å"the clothing expenditure is the first victim of the cutbackâ⬠(Amel, 2009). While there have been great impacts on the spending and consuming patterns, the retailers have been under pressure to adjust their prices through offering discounts and promotion. The retailers have decided to be engaging in the competitive price wars. The price reductions were remarkably high and this in turn brought down the level of profit margins which were already reducing (Amel, 2009). Since the Marks and Spencer Company greatly depends on the U.K market (90 percent), the company is exposed to the difficult trading conditions to a high level. The economic downturn in the housing sector and increased food prices has taken a toll on the disposable income of the consumer and this in turn has brought down the level of demand for the non-food products. The Mark s and Spencer Company responded to this by cutting prices and as a result of this, the volume of the product sales as well as the value of these products reduced (Amel, 2009). In the financial year 2005/2005, Marks and Spencer experienced a great contraction in its sales, giving a reflection of hardships across all product areas. In the period that followed (2005/2006), the hardships were overcome (Amel, 2009). This was realized through carrying out improvements in the operations. The company was now able to realize vigorous growth in the sales and profits and this even went on in the course of the financial year that followed (Amel, 2009). During the second half of the period 2007/2008, there was deterioration of the external environment following the economic downturn. This brought great negative effects to the company during the period 2008/2009 and the companyââ¬â¢s sales growth remained almost stagnant and the operating profits went down. There was mounting pressure on the m argins during this period despite the fact that the company took an initiative to close 26 of its stores which were not performing well (Amel, 2009). In the year 2009, the company went on bearing the marks of the economic downturn and its profits went down. For the financial year ended in the end of March 2009, the companyââ¬â¢s profits increased by less than 1 percent to about 9 billion pounds. There was a reduction in the net profit to 508 million pounds, a 38 percent decrease (Amel, 2009). A reflection increased sales is made by the revenue from the International Retail in Owned and Franchised and the U.K stores. The net income was counterbalanced by the reduced operating margins resulting from the increased operating expenses, higher finance costs, and reduced finance income (Amel, 2009). During the recent economic down turn, Marks and Spencer Companyââ¬â¢s retail food segment took a hit. It was reported that the ââ¬Å"cash strappedâ⬠consumers were moving away from the costly, ââ¬Å"ready cooked meals and thinking about buying the cheaper substitutes instead of the expensive, luxury ready prepared meal that is the mainstay of Marks and Spencerââ¬â¢s offeringâ⬠(Davies, 2009). This companyââ¬â¢s biggest competitors such as Tesco do offer to their customers a variety of substitutes including a full range of ââ¬Å"raw ingredients and cheaper ready meal substitutesâ⬠(Davies, 2009). While giving out the half financial yearââ¬â¢s results in June 2008, Dominoââ¬â¢s reported that the sales that were made to the customers that were already there had contracted, but those made to those customers who were completely new had gone up by about 20 percent, as an increased number of wealthy clients, who would frequently dine out, engage in the adjustment of their spending practices (Davies, 2009). It is pointed out that ââ¬Å"Marks and Spencer did not have the flexibility like that at that time to be in a position to move the offerin gs they madeâ⬠(Davies, 2009, para. 39). What would come out of this is losing customers because they opted to go to the companyââ¬â¢s competitors. Getting back these customers when the economic times improve would not be easy (Davies, 2009). Marks and Spencer needed to be more innovative in order to be able to keep up the demands of the customers that are ever changing as well as their changing needs so that they could avoid losing customers to the competitors (Davies, 2009). It was clearly established that during the economic downturn, the customersââ¬â¢ needs and demands must change. This fact is supported by the argument that ââ¬Å"your customers and their needs will undergo multiple changes as they adjust to the reality of a recession and the shape of the new world and beyondâ⬠(Davies, 2009). Following this, one of the challenges that are there is not to lose the existing customers where it has taken much time and effort to get to your rivals who might then se ek to retain them for the long-term (Davies, 2009). Another challenge is to set up a portfolio which is balanced in order to evade being exposed to large customer groups who have the same ââ¬Å"recessionary pressuresâ⬠(Davies, 2009). The third challenge is to be in a position to be sensitive and give a quick response to changing needs and demands of the customers as well as to the newly coming up segments (Davies, 2009). Discussion Marks and Spencer carries out most of its operations in the U.K and also in other regions abroad. This company used to be successful in its business and that is why it has been in business beginning from the year 1884 to date, making profits but at some point, its performance started to decline following ineffective management and putting in place inappropriate strategies (Alon, 2000). However, during the fiscal year 2004/2005, the company made appropriate adjustments which enabled it to improve in its performance during the following fiscal year a nd even during the year that followed there after (Amel, 2009). But during the economic downturn, in the course of 2008/2009, the companyââ¬â¢s performance was negatively affected again. The company failed to put in place appropriate strategies to deal with the unfavorable economic situation to avoid a reduction in sales following a change in the consumer needs and demands. Such competitors as Tesco came up with a strategy that enabled it to diversify its products in order to meet the diversified customer needs and demands (Davies, 2009). Marks and Spencer sought to reduce its prices as a strategy to retain its customers but this could not be effective because this affected the profitability of the company negatively. In addition, the customers preferred to be offered with desirable products that could satisfy their needs to the highest level possible at affordable prices (Davies, 2009). Any company should seek to retain its existing customers and even be able to attract more new customers. Marks and Spencer needed to be more innovative in order to be able to keep up the demands of the customers that are ever changing as well as their changing needs so that they could avoid losing customers to the competitors (Davies, 2009). It has been found that during the economic downturn, the customersââ¬â¢ needs and demands must change. Customers seek to buy products that they can now afford in order to meet the needs they deem to be very basic to them (Davies, 2009). They should put in to consideration that different customers have different levels of income and during a recession, there are those who can go on maintaining the consumption and spending trends and those who change. Even if these customers may have been loyal to the company for a long time, hard economic conditions can force them to switch to wide range of the products that are offered by competitors at affordable prices (Davies, 2009). One of the weaknesses of Marks and Spencer that may have affecte d them during the economic downturn is lack of flexibility at that time to be in a position to move the offerings they made to the customers (Davies, 2009). What would come out of this is losing customers because these customers preferred going to other companies such as Tesco. Getting back these customers at the time the economic downturn is over is quite hard and bringing them back could be very much more costly to the company (Davies, 2009). Therefore, there is great need for the Marks and Spencer Company to take appropriate measures to bring up the level of its sales and profitability and also to be able to deal with the problems that come with economic downturn in the future. They should learn some few things from the competitors and seek to carry out their operations in an even better way. Conclusion During the recent economic downturn, Marks and Spencer failed to put appropriate strategies in place which made them to lose customers to the competitors; as a strategy, they enga ged in cutting down prices but failed to meet the changing customer demands and needs and this is what made them to lose customers to the competitors. Since the customer needs and demands do change during an economic downturn, it is not enough for any company to cut down its prices as a competitive strategy. There is need for the company to establish what the actual new demands and needs of the customer are in order for it to take appropriate measures to meet them. Marks and Spencer has been in business for a very long time. By them losing customers to the competitors because of their lack of putting the right strategies in place is something that needs to be looked in to. More research should be carried out in order to establish why the company was not able to diversify its offerings to the customer and just relied on cutting down prices which made them to lose the competitive ground. References Alon, I. (2000), ââ¬Å"Marks Spencer: A case study in international retailingâ⬠. Web. Amel, B. (2009), ââ¬Å"Marks Spencer case studyâ⬠. Web. Buxton, P. (1999), ââ¬Å"MS Chief Rejigs Retail Operationâ⬠, Marketing Week, vol.22, no.12, 1999, p.6. De Nardi-Cole, Sarah M. (Eds.). (1998), ââ¬Å"Marks and Spencerâ⬠, in Internationalà Retailing, Brenda Sternquist, Fairchild Publications, New York. Davies, R. (2009), Recession: Key Questions for Business Survivalà and Growth. Web. Economist, ââ¬Å"Poor Marksâ⬠, (1998, November 21), p.68. Financial Times, ââ¬Å"Angst in Their Pantsâ⬠, (1999, June 8 ), pp. 7-10. Jardin, A. (1999), ââ¬Å"St. Michaelââ¬â¢s Evangelistâ⬠, Marketing, pp.25-28. This research paper on How the Recent Economic Downturn Affected the Marks Spencer Strategy was written and submitted by user Conor Richmond to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-76585603604367088972019-11-24T02:00:00.001-08:002019-11-24T02:00:05.158-08:00The Etymology (and Punctuation) of Fathers DayThe Etymology (and Punctuation) of Fathers Day The Etymology (and Punctuation) of Fatherââ¬â¢s Day Happy Fathers Day! And what better way to celebrate than with a little etymology? A slap-up meal followed by a nap in the sunshine, you say? Thereââ¬â¢ll be time for that later! For now, letââ¬â¢s look at where the word ââ¬Å"fatherâ⬠comes from and why we use an apostrophe in ââ¬Å"Fathers Day.â⬠The Etymology of Father Our modern word ââ¬Å"fatherâ⬠comes from the Old English fà ¦der, which meant ââ¬Å"he who begets a child.â⬠This is close to several words for fathers in other languages, including Old Norse (fathir), German (Vater), Sanskrit (pitar), and Latin and Greek (both use pater). In fact, the similarities between these words suggest a common source. As such, most experts trace ââ¬Å"fatherâ⬠to a Proto-Indo-European term. And while we cannot know what this was exactly, it may have been something like pÃâ¢ter-. Fatherhood is tough when your kids look down on you. Pa, Papa, Dad, and More So if ââ¬Å"fatherâ⬠comes from pÃâ¢ter-, where does this term come from? It may have evolved from the basic noise ââ¬Å"pa,â⬠which we still see in words like ââ¬Å"papa.â⬠The words ââ¬Å"dadâ⬠and ââ¬Å"dadaâ⬠have similar origins in ââ¬Å"da,â⬠and we see these simple sounds in words for fathers all over the world. The main theory for why we see this pattern so much is that ââ¬Å"da,â⬠ââ¬Å"pa,â⬠and ââ¬Å"taâ⬠are some of the first noises babies can make. The same is true of the ââ¬Å"maâ⬠from ââ¬Å"mama,â⬠which becomes ââ¬Å"mom.â⬠As such, when babies start making noises like ââ¬Å"daâ⬠and ââ¬Å"pa,â⬠we assume theyââ¬â¢re addressing their parents. And over time, this has led to words like ââ¬Å"dadâ⬠and ââ¬Å"paâ⬠entering our everyday speech. Fathers Day vs. Fathers Day As a rule, you should always include an apostrophe in Fathers Day. This is the traditional way of writing it, but it also makes sense. After all, you usually focus on your own father on this day. Thus, the ââ¬Å"Fatherâ⬠in Fathers Day is typically one person, even if that person is different for each of us. Writing ââ¬Å"Fathers Dayâ⬠or ââ¬Å"Fathers Day,â⬠on the other hand, would imply youââ¬â¢re celebrating fathers in general. And while that would be admirable, youââ¬â¢d need a lot of stamps to send a card to every father in the world. All in all, then, youââ¬â¢re probably better off focusing on your own dad for today. granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-39667118476455845372019-11-21T06:20:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:20:04.410-08:00Consumer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsConsumer behaviour - Essay Example Electric Bike An electric bike or a scooter is an enhanced form of conventional bike that is operated by a battery. According to Graham and McGowan, (2008), electric bikes were first developed in Switzerland in 1980. These bikes use rechargeable batteries with the capability of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. They use direct drive or geared motor units. Electric motorized bicycles vary in cost and complexity. The key consideration associated with the acquiring of electric bikes is the range. This range is affected by factors such as battery capacity, motor efficiency, aerodynamics, weight of the bike and the rider (Lamy, 2001). Advantages of the Electric Bikes Jamerson and Benjamin (2009) assert that electric bikes are associated with numerous benefits as compared to conventional bikes or motors vehicles. They are effective for mountain climbing compared to conventional bikes because less energy and effort is required when riding them. Electric bikes are safer to use on rugged terrains or steep road junctions compared to cars. The running cost of electric bikes is lower compared to that of cars. Frequent use of the electric bikes enhances physical fitness. They vehemently promote green technology compared to motor vehicles or cars owing to the low energy consumption of the batteries. Their use reduces environmental pollution as it does not involve burning of fossil fuels like the case with vehicles. However, Jamerson and Benjamin (2004) warn that although these bikes reduce air pollution, some of their aspects such as disposal of worn out batteries pollute the environment. Hypothesis The consumer perception of the electric bikes is favourable. This is because it is technological enhanced compared to conventional bikes and associated with numerous benefits compared to motor vehicles or motor bikes. Aim The aim of the study is to identify the perception of the consumers towards the purchase of electric bikes. Objectives of the Study 1. To kno w the perception of the consumers toward electric bikes 2. To identify the awareness level of consumers on electric bikes 3. To determine the factors that influence consumer choice when buying 4. To find out other factors that affect the buying decisions of electric bikes 5. To find out the post purchase experiences and benefits of the electric bike to the costumer Some of the questions that will be included to gain insight on the proposed study include: 1. Are you informed about electric bikes? 2. How did you become aware of electric bikes? 3. How many members of your family are eligible for riding electric bikes? 4. Which features would you consider when buying an electric bike? among others Statement of the Problem Although the electric bikes have been on sale in the UK for some time, most people still prefer to use conventional bikes as compared to electric bikes (Drane et al., 2009). The research yearns to explore one of the factors that could be preventing customers from buyin g electric bikes. Sample The sample size will be 200 respondents. Survey Area The study will focus on the West End and East End districts of London. Half of the respondents will be outsourced from the West End region of London city while the rest will emanate from the East End district. This will enhance balance in terms of economic disparities i.e. the West End is characterised by the granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-85052934182237292872019-11-20T06:26:00.001-08:002019-11-20T06:26:06.725-08:00An inevitable task of being social Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsAn inevitable task of being social - Essay Example When I had to mingle and put up with these new people, I felt kind of exasperated. I knew it was something that I had to do, but I would rather have gone off with people that I knew and were familiar with. Due to these thoughts running through my head, I knew that I was a little less than friendly towards those that were trying to make acquaintances. Some of the people that I meet are a little too overenthusiastic, and it quickly becomes unbearable to spend more than enough time with them. This event sticks in my mind because I know that I did not make a good first impression with everyone and I still feel guilty about that. I am not comfortable with dealing with so many people at one given time, and I know that this showed during that specific moment. I did not feel too positive about the outcome of what took place; on the contrary, the events of the day kept coming back to mind, making me feel increasingly uncomfortable about the whole ordeal. Though this was in regards to how I ac ted, and not about the fact that I do not always like mass social situations. I always feel that there is one person too many, and it is that person that will test my nerves the most. After all had been said and poorly done, I took the time to fully consider the situation I had repeatedly put myself in that day. The bad aspects of the day had involved my negative attitude towards those that had taken to me with a more positive approach; my less-than-polite responses did very little to help how others viewed me. granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-48553959500968857522019-11-17T19:14:00.001-08:002019-11-17T19:14:04.105-08:00Room division operation managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsRoom division operation managment - Assignment Example There has to be a safety policy and safety committee which can give the consultation about health and safety of the organization. The act also stress on free personal protective equipment. But the employees have to make sure that the protective equipments should not be misused. Everybody should take care of self and others responsibly 2. à à à To minimize risk the primary step is to identify all the factors exposed to risk. The room division management has to identify the group of guests or employees who are especially exposed to high risk. Outsiders such as contractor, visitor or just a normal person might also be at risk. That has to be considered as well. Then one has to focus on existing risk control system, even if it is not satisfactory that has to be put into practice. Then evaluation and recording of the probability of an accident occurrence has to be done. Even the worst case should also be taken into account. Stress should be given on situation where the danger is imminent. Then immediately measures and precautions should be taken. Additional risk mitigation controls should be taken in priority. 3. à à à A United Kingdom Act of Parliament, the Data protection act 1998 recognizes the right to privacy as a fundamental right. It is especially applicable in the case of processing personal data. The definition of personal data considers the information that can be used to recognize a living individual. Room division operation rather the hospitality sector itself has the access to a lot of personal data of all the guests. However the freedom of information act 2000 modifies this act. The information about anyone should not be passed to any third party and should be protected from any abuse. Another point is that the website or public information system must not ask for personal data. 4. à à à Maintenance and design is the key tool to increase guest satisfaction. Cleanliness is the first thing that the guests ask from the hotel rooms. The success granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7670397879525299804.post-11401112444624527122019-11-15T07:46:00.001-08:002019-11-15T07:46:09.665-08:00Using a 3D Printer in EngineeringUsing a 3D Printer in Engineering CE 2.2 Background Digitality is increasing each day. Very less people use 3D printers due to its high cost. And moreover, they are not portable as its calibration of stepper motors could be damaged. And small scale industries cannot afford them. So, my project is about making 3D printers that are size oriented, portable and cost effective. It will a project that would be hassle less and easy to understand and operate. It could be extremely useful to small scale industries, dental manufacture, scientific labs, toy companies and many more. CE 2.3 The reason behind choosing this project was to give a boost to small scale industries and make it easy to use. 3D printing is the technology of creating three-dimensional real time objects that has a nozzle which oozes out melted plastic element and is attached to a stepper motor which works as an axis that has two stepper motors working as two axis. The idea and objective was to build a 3D printer under 500-1000$ with compact size for easy handling. Its aims to print a real-time three-dimensional object with the help of CAD file (computer aided design file). It focuses on building a small sized, easy to use and accessible 3D printer. It is also a kind that has low maintenance. It is a kind of printer that was made with the help of regularly used electronics devices which would ultimately reflect on its cost price in the market. Also, other major thing is its size as it is compact compared to other available printers. CE 2.4 I had planned all the work that was required to do on this project that includes all the pre-study work before the commencement of the project and post-work that is required after finishing the project. I listed out things to do first and then assigned its priority. I started with doing research on selecting the topic for my project and after its approval from the faculty, and then I went on doing literature surveys with the help of IEEE papers, research papers etc. in the later stage I began learning basics of CNC machine and designing of its hardware structure. Which was then implemented along with its software part and was made a portable one. At last stage, it involved final changes on the project and making a report on it. CE 2.5 Personal Engineering Activity I started with literature survey and then made up a block diagram for my project as shown under. It explains the complete flow of my project. I divided the entire process of 3D printing into two parts. CE 2.6 This project makes use of many components and each component was selected considering its cost and its potential value in the market as well as its ability to withstand the project. The important parts are: For CNC Machine: 1. Stepper motor it is a kind of electric motor that is widely used in the industries of robotics. With each step of the motor, it makes it handy for repeatable positioning. 2. Stepper motor driver A4988 they are kind of drivers with microcontroller and that can be used to attain high rotation speeds in stepper motors. 3. CNC shield 4. Arduino Uno Microcontroller it is used for digital devices and interactive objects which can control and sense the objects in physical world. It makes use of open-source hardware and software. 5. SMPS power supply this is used to drive and supply power to the whole circuit 6. MDF/Acrylic for the body structure -it is used for outer covering or the hardware structure of the body. For 3D Printing Setup 1. 0.75mm Nozzle it is cylindrical kind of a pipe or tube which controls the liquid. 2. Ceramic heater 3. DC fan as a cooling device 4. PLA element CE 2.7 For the 3D printer, a structure had to be made from either MDF, acrylic or fiber that would form the outer body. It also requires 4 stepper motor and its driver ICs along with providing a power supply. The stepper motor moves as per the GCODE which controls it. A software is used to generate the GCODE that is indirectly connected and formed from CAD file. CE 2.8 The working of my software part can be described as below: 1. Computer part: Here, using different software like AUTOCAD, RHINO, CAD360, a CAD file is generated. The interpreter receives the CAD file formed and then converts it into GCODE file. For interpreting software like MERLIN, CURA, POLULU was been used. Then via serial port the GCODE file is sent to the other part i.e. the printing part. 2. 3D printer part: Stepper drivers and HotEnd drivers receive the GCODE file from the GCODE interpreter. The HotEnd has a nozzle, DC fan and a ceramic heater and the stepper motor makes the moves as per the GCODE. Into the nozzle, a PLA plastic element is entered and with the help of ceramic heater it melts that plastic element into very small sized threads and is constantly cooled with the help of DC fan. As the HotEnd and stepper motor moves, the PLA comes out through it giving a 3D printed object. The object is made layer by layer and the stepper motor sets itself to initial stage after the completion of the object CE 2.9 During this project, I faced many challenges as my project is a very complex topic. It started with doing research on the topic. It was a new technology in the market and I had to collect as much information available. Deciding of hardware components was also a major task I had a pre-defined project cost that I had to maintain so that the final costing of the product doesnt increase beyond the limit. I took help from the experts from the field of electronics and tried to follow their footsteps whenever problem occurred. The part of software was quite easy than I thought as I had already planned the flow of the work so I just had to follow that pattern to accomplish my microcontroller programming. CE 2.10 Summary In 3D printing, whole process takes place in tiny little slices, it divides the whole project into tiny pieces which are made in the reverse order while printing. They stick together to form a solid object slice by slice. All the parts made from 3D printing can be complex like hinges, wheels etc. as a part of the printed object. It is a kind of technology which is very useful in current world. It makes the object feel like a real one. My project required great knowledge while implementing. It was a great platform for me to learn new technology and to help small scale industry with my project. My creativity skills were expanded and with the help of my project guide I could overcome all the challenges that came on the way. I kept my guide and supervisors updated with my position of the project. And meeting were kept fortnightly to show my status on my project and to discuss further possibility of the project expansion. granevdepbund1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/08737786677297999184noreply@blogger.com0